Polyamines in Plants Infected by Citrus Exocortis Viroid or Treated with Silver Ions and Ethephon

Bellés, José M.; Carbonell, Juan; Conejero, Vicente

doi:10.1104/pp.96.4.1053

Cited by 32 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Probably, fungal PAs would not be transported out of the infected organ (Rifai et al 2005), so all the fluctuations observed in grapevine leaves would be a plant response to the root pathogen. Several authors (Belles et al 1991;Edreva 1997;Rifai et al 2004) also observed a lower concentration of free PAs as a consequence of pathogenic infections. It has been suggested that PAs decrease in these interactions is a non-specific response to tissue damage or to a senescent status of leaves (Edreva 1997;Rifai et al 2004), as low PA levels are often characteristic of tissues where metabolism has slowed down (Galston and Kaur-Sawhney 1990).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Response of mycorrhizal grapevine to Armillaria mellea inoculation: disease development and polyamines

Nogales¹,

Aguirreolea

María

et al. 2008

Plant Soil

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A study was conducted with the vine rootstock Richter 110 (Vitis berlandieri Planch. x Vitis rupestris L.) in order to assess whether the colonisation by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Glomus intraradices (BEG 72) can delay the disease development in plants inoculated with the root-rot fungus Armillaria mellea (Vahl:Fr) Kummer, and to elucidate if the levels of polyamines (PAs) are modified in response to G. intraradices, A. mellea or by the dual infection. Four treatments were considered: control and G. intraradices-inoculated plants infected or not with A. mellea. Plant growth, mycorrhizal colonisation and disease development were monitored throughout the experiment. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in combination with fluorescence spectrophotometry was used to separate and quantify free root and leaf polyamines. The slower development of pathogenic symptoms and the higher plant biomass of mycorrhizal plants inoculated with A. mellea indicate an increase of tolerance due to the AMF inoculation. The variations in free PA levels detected at the beginning of the pathogenic infection suggest that PAs may have a potential role in the signalling mechanisms of the tolerance of mycorrhizal plants against A. mellea.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Response of mycorrhizal grapevine to Armillaria mellea inoculation: disease development and polyamines

Nogales¹,

Aguirreolea

María

et al. 2008

Plant Soil

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“…Studies conducted so far in relation with the role of PAs in plant-pathogen interactions have focused mainly on viruses (Negrel et al, 1984;Bellés et al, 1991;Torrigiani et al, 1997;Yamakawa et al, 1998;Hiraga et al, 2000;Marini et al, 2001;Yoda et al, 2003;Yoo et al, 2004) and biotrophic fungi causing rusts and mildews on several different hosts (Walters et al, 1985;Walters and Wylie, 1986;Cowley and Walters, 2002). However, the attention previously devoted to the effects of necrotrophic plant pathogens on host PA metabolism has been very scant (Angelini et al, 1993;Rea et al, 2002).…”

Section: Changes In Pa Metabolism Of Tobacco Plants Infected By the Nmentioning

confidence: 99%

Apoplastic Polyamine Oxidation Plays Different Roles in Local Responses of Tobacco to Infection by the Necrotrophic FungusSclerotinia sclerotiorumand the Biotrophic BacteriumPseudomonas viridiflava

et al. 2008

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The role of polyamine (PA) metabolism in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) defense against pathogens with contrasting pathogenic strategies was evaluated. Infection by the necrotrophic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum resulted in increased arginine decarboxylase expression and activity in host tissues, as well as putrescine and spermine accumulation in leaf apoplast. Enhancement of leaf PA levels, either by using transgenic plants or infiltration with exogenous PAs, led to increased necrosis due to infection by S. sclerotiorum. Specific inhibition of diamine and PA oxidases attenuated the PA-induced enhancement of leaf necrosis during fungal infection. When tobacco responses to infection by the biotrophic bacterium Pseudomonas viridiflava were investigated, an increase of apoplastic spermine levels was detected. Enhancement of host PA levels by the above-described experimental approaches strongly decreased in planta bacterial growth, an effect that was blocked by a PA oxidase inhibitor. It can be concluded that accumulation and further oxidation of free PAs in the leaf apoplast of tobacco plants occurs in a similar, although not identical way during tobacco defense against infection by microorganisms with contrasting pathogenesis strategies. This response affects the pathogen's ability to colonize host tissues and results are detrimental for plant defense against necrotrophic pathogens that feed on necrotic tissue; on the contrary, this response plays a beneficial role in defense against biotrophic pathogens that depend on living tissue for successful host colonization. Thus, apoplastic PAs play important roles in plant-pathogen interactions, and modulation of host PA levels, particularly in the leaf apoplast, may lead to significant changes in host susceptibility to different kinds of pathogens.

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“…Proteolytic activity was assessed spectrofluorometrically with FITC-casein (Sigma) as a substrate (Vera and Conejero, 1988;Belles et al, 1991). The reaction mixture (2.6 mL), containing 150 mm potassium citrate buffer, pH 6.1, 1.5 mm DTT, 513 g of FITC-casein, and 800 L of enzyme extract (2.1-2.9 mg of protein), was incubated at 37°C in the dark.…”

Section: Proteinase Extraction and Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Proteolytic enzymes were extracted from tuber tissue (a composite of three tubers cut from the apical ends, periderm included) with 50 mm potassium citrate buffer, (pH 6.6, 1 g fresh weight mL Ϫ1 ) containing 20 mm KCl, 2 mm MgCl 2 , 5% (w/v) Suc, 1 mm DTT, 0.5% PVP, and 2 mm Na 2 S 2 O 5 (Belles et al, 1991) with a homogenizer. The homogenate was filtered through Miracloth, centrifuged at 30,000g for 30 min, and the supernatant was stored at Ϫ80°C for subsequent proteinase activity assays.…”

Section: Proteinase Extraction and Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-Induced Protein Modifications and Increased Proteolysis in Potato Seed-Tubers1

1999

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Long-term aging of potato (Solanum tuberosum) seed-tubers resulted in a loss of patatin (40 kD) and a cysteine-proteinase inhibitor, potato multicystatin (PMC), as well as an increase in the activities of 84-, 95-, and 125-kD proteinases. Highly active, additional proteinases (75, 90, and 100 kD) appeared in the oldest tubers. Over 90% of the total proteolytic activity in aged tubers was sensitive to trans-epoxysuccinyl-L-leucylamido (4-guanidino) butane or leupeptin, whereas pepstatin was the most effective inhibitor of proteinases in young tubers. Proteinases in aged tubers were also inhibited by crude extracts or purified PMC from young tubers, suggesting that the loss of PMC was responsible for the age-induced increase in proteinase activity. Nonenzymatic oxidation, glycation, and deamidation of proteins were enhanced by aging. Aged tubers developed "daughter" tubers that contained 3-fold more protein than "mother" tubers, with a polypeptide profile consistent with that of young tubers. Although PMC and patatin were absent from the older mother tubers, both proteins were expressed in the daughter tubers, indicating that aging did not compromise the efficacy of genes encoding PMC and patatin. Unlike the mother tubers, proteinase activity in daughter tubers was undetectable. Our results indicate that tuber aging nonenzymatically modifies proteins, which enhances their susceptibility to breakdown; we also identify a role for PMC in regulating protein turnover in potato tubers.

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Polyamines in Plants Infected by Citrus Exocortis Viroid or Treated with Silver Ions and Ethephon

Cited by 32 publications

References 37 publications

Response of mycorrhizal grapevine to Armillaria mellea inoculation: disease development and polyamines

Response of mycorrhizal grapevine to Armillaria mellea inoculation: disease development and polyamines

Apoplastic Polyamine Oxidation Plays Different Roles in Local Responses of Tobacco to Infection by the Necrotrophic FungusSclerotinia sclerotiorumand the Biotrophic BacteriumPseudomonas viridiflava

Age-Induced Protein Modifications and Increased Proteolysis in Potato Seed-Tubers1

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