Polyamines: The possible missing link between mental disorders and epilepsy (Review)

Abstract

Polyamines are small positively charged alkylamines that are essential in a number of crucial eukaryotic processes, like normal cell growth and development. In normal physiological conditions, intracellular polyamine content is tightly regulated through a fine regulated network of biosynthetic and catabolic enzymes and a transport system. The dysregulation of this network is frequently associated to different tumors, where high levels of polyamines has been detected. Polyamines also modulate ion channels and ionotropic glutamate receptors and altered levels of polyamines have been observed in different brain diseases, including mental disorders and epilepsy. The goal of this article is to review the role of polyamines in mental disorders and epilepsy within a frame of the possible link between these two brain pathologies. The high comorbidity between these two neurological illnesses is strongly suggestive that they share a common background in the central nervous system. This review proposes an additional association between the noradrenalin/serotonin and glutamatergic neuronal circuits with polyamines. Polyamines can be considered supplementary defensive shielding molecules, important to protect the brain from the development of epilepsy and mental illnesses that are caused by different types of neurons. In this contest, the modulation of polyamine metabolism may be a novel important target for the prevention and therapeutic treatment of these diseases that have a high impact on the costs of public health and considerably affect quality of life. Contents

Risk factors for postoperative delirium in elderly urological patients: A meta-analysis

“…Changes in polyamine levels will result in abnormalities in ion channel and ionic glutamate receptors, and subsequent electrolyte disorder. [ 27 ] Simultaneously, electrolyte disorder can cause microcirculation disorder, which play a particularly important role in the occurrence of POD. [ 28 ] In addition, the development of the POD is also associated with the preoperative use of psychotropic drugs.…”

The Involvement of Polyamines Catabolism in the Crosstalk between Neurons and Astrocytes in Neurodegeneration

“…Neurological abnormalities have been also reported in rodent models of the altered synthesis and catabolism of PAs [ 10 , 48 ]. Altered cellular levels of PAs and PA dyshomeostasis have been implicated in numerous brain diseases, including mental disorders, epilepsy [ 49 ], Alzheimer’s disease (AD) [ 50 , 51 ], Parkinson’s disease (PD) [ 52 ], traumatic brain injury [ 53 ] and in the pathogenesis of ischemic brain damage [ 54 , 55 ] and neurovascular damage in the retina [ 56 , 57 ]. In most of these conditions, dysregulation of the enzyme SMOX was reported.…”

The Intestinal Perspective of COVID-19: NOS2 and AOC1 Genes as Epidemiological Factors, and a Homeopathic Approach to their Functional Improvement

“…[138][139][140][141][142] Some of the impairments are seizures and tremors through histamine H3R receptors 143 and polyamines NMDA receptors. 144 Additional pro-convulsive mechanisms for NOS2 will be discussed in next sections. 6.…”