Polybrominated Dibenzo‐<i>P</i>‐Dioxins and Dibenzofurans

Liao, Chunyang; Moon, Hyo‐Bang

doi:10.1002/9781118184141.ch9

Cited by 10 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 150 publications

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“…PBDFs were shown to be the predominant dioxin-like impurities in technical PBDE mixtures, and the congener profile of PBDF impurities seems to correspond to the degree of bromination of commercial PBDE mixtures. 6 Our group reported significant levels of PBDEs in the past from the analysis of the same set of biosolids composites studied here. 18 A total PBDE concentration in biosolids of 9400 ± 960 ng/g dw (32 congeners) was detected, of which deca-BDE was the most abundant congener, constituting 57% of the total PBDE load in the biosolids.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 58%

“… 1 − 5 Mass-produced and widely used commercial mixtures of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) serve as important, continuing sources of exposure to PBDD/Fs for humans and wildlife. 6 PBDFs and polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) are present as impurities in commercial polybrominated diphenylether (PBDE) mixtures; the global annual emission of PBDFs resulting from the production and usage of PBDEs in 2001 previously was estimated to be 2300 kg. 7 In addition to representing unwanted impurities in flame retardants, PBDD/Fs also are formed during the combustion of products that contain PBDEs in municipal and industrial waste incinerators.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Contribution of Polybrominated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) to the Toxic Equivalency of Dioxin-like Compounds in Archived Biosolids from the U.S. EPA’s 2001 National Sewage Sludge Survey

Venkatesan

Halden²

2014

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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The World Health Organization recently proposed the inclusion of brominated congeners in addition to chlorinated congeners when computing the toxic equivalency (TEQ) of dioxin-like compounds (DLCs) in assessments of human health risks. In the present study, 12 polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PBDD/Fs) were analyzed by gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry in the composited, archived biosolids that were collected in 32 U.S. states and the District of Columbia from 94 wastewater treatment plants by the United States Environmental Protection Agency in its 2001 national sewage sludge survey. Two PBDDs and five PBDFs were detected in the biosolids composites at varying frequencies (40–100%) with a total mean concentration of 10,000 ng/kg dry weight (range: 630–42,800), of which 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-hepta-BDF constituted about 95% by mass. Relative to commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) formulations, the ratio of PBDD/Fs to PBDEs in biosolids was 55-times higher (∼0.002% vs ∼0.11%), which indicates potential PBDE transformation or possibly additional sources of PBDD/Fs in the environment. The TEQ contribution of PBDD/Fs was estimated at 162 ng/kg 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) (range: 15–672), which is equivalent to 75% (range: 12–96%) of the total TEQ in biosolids. The TEQ of DLCs released annually to U.S. soils as a result of the land application of biosolids was estimated at 720 g (range: 530–1600 g). Among all known DLCs determined in biosolids, brominated analogs contributed 370% more TEQ than did chlorinated congeners, which indicates the need to include brominated DLCs in the exposure and risk assessment of land-applied biosolids.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 58%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution of Polybrominated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) to the Toxic Equivalency of Dioxin-like Compounds in Archived Biosolids from the U.S. EPA’s 2001 National Sewage Sludge Survey

Venkatesan

Halden²

2014

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…PBDD/Fs are also unintentional by-products of incineration processes, and they have similar physico-chemical properties and anthropogenic sources as PCDD/Fs [86]. An important source of PBDD/F is the incineration of products containing BFRs and the thermolysis of BFR material, e.g., PBDEs during fire events [18][19][20]. PBDD/Fs can also be formed during thermal processing procedures of PBDEs such as polyeurethane foam extrusion, molding and recycling, and degradation [19,86,87] and ultra-violet irradiation of deca-BDE [88].…”

Section: Pcdd/fs and Pbdd/fsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An important source of PBDD/F is the incineration of products containing BFRs and the thermolysis of BFR material, e.g., PBDEs during fire events [18][19][20]. PBDD/Fs can also be formed during thermal processing procedures of PBDEs such as polyeurethane foam extrusion, molding and recycling, and degradation [19,86,87] and ultra-violet irradiation of deca-BDE [88]. Additionally, PBDD/Fs are found at trace levels as impurities in commercial BFR products, such as DE-71, DE-79, DE-83, and some deca-BDE products [16,17,89].…”

Section: Pcdd/fs and Pbdd/fsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PBDDs and PBDFs have been found in combustion gases (processes) and combustion engines [13][14][15], and may occur as impurities in commercial PBDE (polybrominated diphenyl ether) mixtures [16,17]. Large amounts of PBDD/Fs may be formed during fires under uncontrolled combustion conditions in the presence of PBDEs [15,[18][19][20]. In contrast to the unintended generation of dioxins, PCBs were manufactured for industrial usage and they were typically released from the application or disposal of industrial PCB-containing products.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Levels, Trends, and Health Effects of Dioxins and Related Compounds in Aquatic Biota

She

Guan

et al. 2016

The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry

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The objective of this chapter is to review current knowledge of the levels, trends, and health effects of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds (DLCs) including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in aquatic biota, with a special focus on high trophic level species. DLCs can be released into the environment through storm runoff, air deposition, wastewater discharge from industrial processes, and leaching from landfills. To characterize their influences in biota, studies examining levels and trends of DLCs from invertebrates to vertebrates from several regions (the Arctic, North America, Asia and Europe) are reviewed. Over several decades, such studies have helped elucidate the accumulation, possible sources, metabolic fate, as well as the potential health effects of dioxins and DLCs in aquatic biota. The trophic transfer of these compounds via bioaccumulation and biomagnification can result in higher concentrations in top predators, and a wide range of toxic effects (e.g., endocrine disruption, developmental and reproductive effects, and immunotoxicity) has been reported in diverse species, especially those occupying high trophic levels, e.g., marine mammals. Because of their high trophic position and widespread distribution, marine mammals are valuable sentinel species for PCB and DLC contamination, providing insights into possible sources, transport pathways, and the distribution of these compounds on a global scale. Populationlevels effects related to contaminant-induced reproductive impairment and disease have been reported in wildlife inhabiting polluted regions, and the occurrence of mass mortalities among marine mammal populations has been linked to high body burdens of immunotoxic compounds, notably PCBs. Many affected populations have never recovered to their original levels. For many contaminant-stressed populations, the added stress of climate change is exacerbating the problem, causing shifts in food webs and increasing both the distribution and toxicity of POPs in coastal and oceanic environments. Critical data gaps and future research challenges are highlighted as areas that require further study.

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