Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants

Halogenated flame retardants in home-produced eggs from an electronic waste recycling region in South China: Levels, composition profiles, and human dietary exposure assessment

“…BDE 209, the principal component of DecaBDE mixture, and nona-BDEs (BDEs 206, 207, and 208) were predominant, usually collectively comprising over 70% of the ∑PBDEs; whereas BDEs 47 and 99, two major congeners in the PentaBDE technical mixture, only accounted for 1% of the ∑PBDEs. This is consistent with the fact that deca-BDE mixture were mostly added in high impact polystyrene that is used in cabinets and back covers of television and computer, in wire and cable sheets, and in electrical connectors (Rahman et al, 2001). However, relative higher fractions of BDE 183, the major congener in technical OctaBDE mixture, were observed in the eggs from Site 1 (15% in average) and Site 2 (27%) (Fig.…”

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in sediments of the coastal East China Sea: Occurrence, distribution and mass inventory

“…Similar to other POPs, PBDEs can be readily adsorbed on the particulate matters due to their high hydrophobicities (Rahman et al, 2001). However, very poor correlations were observed between TOC, median diameter (MD) of grain size with BDE-209 and P PBDE 7 (Fig.…”

“…They are added in various products such as plastics, textiles, electrical components and furnishing foam to reduce the fire hazards by interfering with the combustion of the polymeric materials (Rahman et al, 2001;Siddiqi et al, 2003;Martin et al, 2004). PBDEs have 209 theoretically possible congeners in 10 homologue groups (mono through deca) depending on the numbers and positions of the bromine atoms on the two phenyl rings.…”

“…PBDEs have 209 theoretically possible congeners in 10 homologue groups (mono through deca) depending on the numbers and positions of the bromine atoms on the two phenyl rings. PBDEs can be easily escaped into the environment during material crushing because they are dissolved in the polymer without chemical bond (Rahman et al, 2001;Cynthia, 2002). PBDE residues have been now widely found in abiotic matrix (soils, sediments, waters and atmosphere) (Wang et al, 2005(Wang et al, , 2007Cai et al, 2008;Yogui and Sericano, 2009;Ramu et al, 2010) and biotic environment (marine animals, human milk, hair, blood, and adipose tissue) (Hites, 2004;Frederiksen et al, 2009;Kang et al, 2011) in recent years due to the rapid increase of PBDEs usage.…”

Separation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in fish for compound-specific stable carbon isotope analysis

“…Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been widely used as additive brominated flame retardants in the past decades (Rahman et al, 2001). There are three commercial PBDE products: Penta-BDE (containing 50-60% penta-BDE congeners), Octa-BDE (containing 30-40% octa-BDE congeners), and Deca-BDE (containing~97% deca-BDE congeners).…”