Polychlorinated biphenyls: congener-specific analysis of a commercial mixture and a human milk extract

Safe, Stephen; Safe, L.; Mullin, Michael D.

doi:10.1021/jf00061a007

Cited by 190 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Choice of congeners for analysis was based on their potential toxicity and persistence in the environment (McFarland and Clarke, 1989), their prevalence in commercial Aroclor mixtures (Schulz et al, 1989), their presence in human serum or milk (Luotamo et al, 1985;Safe et al, 1985;Mes et al, 1987), and their presence in New Bedford environmental samples, such as harbor sediments (Pruell et al, 1990), seawater (Bergen et al, 1993), and local fish and lobsters (Pruell et al, 1988). The non-ortho -substituted congeners were not included as analytes because their concentrations were expected to be orders of magnitude lower than other congeners, and we did not expect to detect these congeners in cord serum.…”

Section: Laboratory Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of PCBs, DDE, and hexachlorobenzene in cord blood from infants born in towns adjacent to a PCB-contaminated waste site

Korrick

Altshul

Tolbert

et al. 2000

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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There are limited data on the concentrations of common contaminants Ð polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethene (p,p H -DDE) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) Ð in umbilical cord blood. Cord blood provides the primary direct measure of prenatal exposure to these contaminants, the key determinant of PCBs' neurodevelopmental toxicities. The objective of this study was to characterize cord blood levels of PCBs, p,p H -DDE, and HCB among 751 infants who were born between 1993 and 1998 to mothers residing adjacent to a PCB -contaminated harbor in New Bedford, Massachusetts, and for whom the neurodevelopmental toxicities of these compounds are being studied. We refined standard analytic methods to optimize the sensitivity and precision of trace -level PCB, p,p H -DDE, and HCB measurements in blood. Using these methods, we measured the concentrations of 51 individual PCBs, their sum ( P PCB), p,p H -DDE, and HCB in cord serum. With correction for background contamination, the respective mean SD cord serum concentrations of P PCB, p,p H -DDE, and HCB were 0.54 0.83, 0.48 0.94, and 0.03 0.04 ng / g serum. These concentrations were generally lower than those in most of the few published studies with congener -specific measures of PCBs in cord blood. However, for less -chlorinated PCB congeners (e.g., congeners 99 and 118), study samples had concentrations comparable to those in other populations, including groups at risk for high dietary PCB exposure. Of note, the contaminated harbor sediment has a relatively high proportion of less -chlorinated PCB congeners. Thus, although the P PCB in study infants was not higher than concentrations in infants studied elsewhere, the relative predominance of less -chlorinated congeners was generally consistent with the characteristics of the contaminated site.

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Section: Laboratory Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of PCBs, DDE, and hexachlorobenzene in cord blood from infants born in towns adjacent to a PCB-contaminated waste site

Korrick

Altshul

Tolbert

et al. 2000

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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“…Chemical synthesis of all 209 PCB congeners, as well as separation and quantitation as discrete peaks from mixtures, although difficult, is possible using modern capillary column gas chromatographic methods (26,27). However, analysis for all of the congeners is not necessary for routine regulatory evaluations because many PCB congeners have never been reported in environmental samples, are not toxic, or have low bioavailability (15,16,28).…”

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confidence: 99%

Environmental occurrence, abundance, and potential toxicity of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners: considerations for a congener-specific analysis.

McFarland

Clarke

1989

Environ Health Perspect

621

279

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Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as environmental contaminants often cannot be adequately described by reference to Aroclors or to total PCBs. Although there are 209 possible PCB configurations (congeners), perhaps half that number account for nearly all of the environmental contamination attributable to PCBs. Still fewer congeners are both prevalent and either demonstrably or potentially toxic. If potential toxicity, environmental prevalence, and relative abundance in animal tissues are used as criteria, the number of environmentally threatening PCB congeners reduces to about thirty-six. Twenty-five of these account for 50 to 75% of total PCBs in tissue samples of fish, invertebrates, birds, and mammals.A few PCB congeners that are sterically similar to 2,3,7,3,7, are directly toxic. Other PCB congeners, as well as those that are directly toxic, may also be involved in toxicity indirectly by stimulating the production of (inducing) bioactivating enzyme systems. The most consequential of these have the ability to induce aryl hydrocarbon metabolizing mixed-function oxidases (MFOs). A result can be an increased capacity for bioactivation of otherwise nontoxic foreign compounds such as certain polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) to cytotoxic or genotoxic metabolites. The effectiveness of specific PCB congeners as inducers of different types of cytochrome P-450-dependent MFO systems is determined by their stereochemistry. Although MFO induction is not a proximate cause, it is a strong correlate of certain kinds of toxicities. Structural patterns can thus be used to discriminate among PCB congeners on the basis of toxic potential, if not entirely on toxicity per se. Congeners that demonstrate 3-methylcholanthrene-type (3-MCtype) and mixed-type MFO induction have the greatest toxic potential. These congeners most closely resemble 2,3,7,8-TCDD in their structures and in their toxic effects. The larger group of phenobarbital-type (PBtype) inducers have considerably less potential for contributing to toxic effects. Weak inducers and noninducing congeners have the least potential for toxicity.Using the rationale described in this paper, we assigned the most environmentally threatening PCB congeners to four groups. Congeners assigned to Group 1 are considered most likely to contribute to adverse biological effects attributable to PCBs in an environmental sample. Group 1A contains the three most potent (pure 3-MC-type inducer) congeners, IUPAC numbers 77, 126, and 169. Six congeners, numbers 105, 118, 128, 138, 156, and 170, are assigned to Group 1B. These congeners are mixed-type inducers that have been reported frequently in environmental samples. Group 2 congeners are PB-type inducers that are also prevalent in the environment; these include numbers 87, 99, 101, 153, 180, 183, and 194. Group 3 congeners, numbers 18,44,49,52,70,74, 151, 177, 187, and 201, are weak or noninducers, but they occur frequently in the environment or in high concentrations in animal tissues relative to other PCB congeners, and so may be of ...

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“…Their bioaccumulation has been detected in the environment (Olafsson et al, 1987;Kannan et al, 1989) and in human serum, adipose tissue, and milk (Safe et al, 1985;Dewailly et al, 1991;Fängström et al, 2002).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Decrease in Level of Serum Thyroxine by 2,2′,4,5,5′-Pentachlorobiphenyl in Rats and Mice: No Correlation With Formation of Methylsulfonyl Metabolites

Kato

Haraguchi²,

Yamazaki³

et al. 2005

Drug Metab Dispos

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ABSTRACT:A relationship between formation of methylsulfonyl (MeSO 2 ) metabolites of 2,2,4,5,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PentaCB) and decrease in serum thyroxine (T 4 ) level was examined in the rats and mice after a single i.p. injection of PentaCB (342 mol/kg body weight). In either rats or mice, levels of the 3-and 4-MeSO 2 metabolites of PentaCB in the liver and feces increased in a timedependent fashion up to 8 days after PentaCB-treatment. However, there was a marked difference between rats and mice in the amount of the metabolites formed, and the cumulative amount of the either MeSO 2 metabolite for 8 days after PentaCB treatment in the liver was 4 to 15 times higher in mice than in rats. On the other hand, a 40 to 60% decrease in level of serum total T 4 occurred in both rats and mice at 1 day after PentaCB treatment, and the decrease was retained up to 8 days after PentaCB treatment. Thus, there was a marked difference between rats and mice in the formation of MeSO 2 metabolites from PentaCB but not a significant difference between rats and mice in PentaCB-induced decrease in the level of serum total T 4 , indicating that PentaCB-induced decrease in the level of serum total T 4 is not necessarily dependent on the MeSO 2 metabolites formed.

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Polychlorinated biphenyls: congener-specific analysis of a commercial mixture and a human milk extract

Cited by 190 publications

References 25 publications

Measurement of PCBs, DDE, and hexachlorobenzene in cord blood from infants born in towns adjacent to a PCB-contaminated waste site

Measurement of PCBs, DDE, and hexachlorobenzene in cord blood from infants born in towns adjacent to a PCB-contaminated waste site

Environmental occurrence, abundance, and potential toxicity of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners: considerations for a congener-specific analysis.

The Decrease in Level of Serum Thyroxine by 2,2′,4,5,5′-Pentachlorobiphenyl in Rats and Mice: No Correlation With Formation of Methylsulfonyl Metabolites

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