Polychlorinated biphenyls in indoor dust from urban dwellings of Lahore, Pakistan: Congener profile, toxicity equivalency, and human health implications

Aslam, Iqra; Baqar, Mujtaba; Qadir, Abdul; Mumtaz, Mehvish; Li, Jun; Zhang, Gan

doi:10.1111/ina.12788

Cited by 16 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Another study highlighted the adverse PCB contamination in this site especially near industrial and waste dumping areas (Syed et al, 2014). A study conducted on indoor environment of district Lahore also reported high levels of PCBs as compared to other parts of the country (Aslam et al, 2021). It was followed by Multan and Faisalabad with 17.45% and 16.86% contributions.…”

Section: Spatial Dispersal Patterns and Sources Of Pcbs In Bovine Milkmentioning

confidence: 76%

Human health risk surveillance of polychlorinated biphenyls in bovine milk from alluvial plain of Punjab, Pakistan

Sana

Qadir

Evans

et al. 2022

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Punjab is the leading province of Pakistan in the production of bovine milk and its consumption. Rapid industrialization, high energy demand and production of waste have increased the risk of PCB toxicity in the environment. This research work was designed to assess human dietary exposure of polychlorinated biphenyls (∑PCBs17 congeners) through ingestion of buffalo and cow's milk from eight main districts of Punjab, Pakistan. The average concentration of ∑DL-PCBs (8.74 ng g -1 and 14.60 ng g -1 ) and ∑I-PCBs (11.54 ng g -1 and 18.68 ng g -1 ) in buffalo and cow milk samples were analyzed respectively. The PCB 156 was predominantly high congener found in both buffalo (2.84 ng g -1 ) and cow milk (2.86 ng g -1 ). It was found that the highest PCBs in bovine milk samples were observed in close vicinities of urban and industrial areas. The estimated daily consumptions of DL-PCBs and I-PCBs, from buffalo and cow milk, were below the acceptable daily intake for both adults and children. Moreover, Hazard Quotients (HQ) of ∑PCBs17 congeners value were less than 1.0 in adults and greater in the case of children reflecting the high chances of cancer risk. Furthermore, comprehensive monitoring for childhood cancer is recommended to establish the relationship in future studies.

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Section: Spatial Dispersal Patterns and Sources Of Pcbs In Bovine Milkmentioning

confidence: 76%

Human health risk surveillance of polychlorinated biphenyls in bovine milk from alluvial plain of Punjab, Pakistan

Sana

Qadir

Evans

et al. 2022

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…Tariq et al [160] reported that PM 2.5 , formaldehyde, and CO were responsible for chronic respiratory diseases such as breath shortening, bronchitis, and asthma in Karachi. Aslam et al [161] scrutinized the effects of indoor polychlorinated biphenyls on human health in the Pakistani population. The pollutants were inhaled or ingested through the indoor air.…”

Section: Major Health Hazards Of Indoor Air Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Indoor Air Pollution in Pakistan—Causes and Management

et al. 2023

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This state-of-the-art review is designed to provide a factual analysis of indoor air pollution in Pakistan. Primarily, the main sources of indoor air pollution and related air pollutants were analyzed. Key sources of indoor air pollution include household energy sources (biomass, wood, coal, tobacco, and low temperatures) producing particulate matter (PM), dust particles, smoke, COx, noxious gases, bioaerosols, airborne microflora, and flame retardants. According to the literature, rural regions of Pakistan using biomass indoor fuels have a high indoor PM concentration in the range of 4000–9000 μg/m3. In rural/urban regions, indoor smoking also leads to high PM2.5 levels of ~1800 μg/m3, which can cause pulmonary infections. In hospitals, PM concentrations were detected up to 1000 μg/m3, causing repeated infections in patients. Indoor ingestion of dust containing polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations was observed at high levels (~8.79–34.39 ng/g) in cities; this can cause serious health effects such as cancer risks and a loss of working productivity. Moreover, indoor microflora and bacteria (~10,000–15,000 cfu m−3) in urban/rural regions cause respiratory/cancer risks. In this context, indoor air quality (IAQ) monitoring and management strategies have been somewhat developed; however, their implementation in Pakistan’s rural/urban indoor environments is still needed. Various challenges were identified for monitoring/regulating IAQ. There is a firm need for industry–academia–research cooperation and for the involvement of government/agencies to support indoor air pollution control/management and for intervention strategies.

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“…Similarly, the air in houses with backyard e-waste recycling has two to three times the PCB contamination than indoor air in urban areas [ 87 ]. Therefore, all sources of airborne PCBs should be considered when assessing PCB concentrations in indoor air [ 86 ].…”

Section: Occurrence Of Pcbs In the Airmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PCBs pose a health risk to humans through three routes of exposure (oral ingestion, inhalation, and dermal absorption). While dietary consumption represents a major route of exposure in adults, inhalation presents a two times higher carcinogenic risk, especially among children [ 86 ]. In 2015, PCBs were classified as a Group 1 carcinogen (carcinogenic to humans) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, which further highlights the significance of their oncogenic effects, and makes them a major toxicological concern across the globe [ 95 ].…”

Section: Health Impactmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) Pollution in the Air: Where and How Much Are We Exposed to?

Othman

Ismail

Selamat

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were widely used in industrial and commercial applications, until they were banned in the late 1970s as a result of their significant environmental pollution. PCBs in the environment gained scientific interest because of their persistence and the potential threats they pose to humans. Traditionally, human exposure to PCBs was linked to dietary ingestion. Inhalational exposure to these contaminants is often overlooked. This review discusses the occurrence and distribution of PCBs in environmental matrices and their associated health impacts. Severe PCB contamination levels have been reported in e-waste recycling areas. The occurrence of high PCB levels, notably in urban and industrial areas, might result from extensive PCB use and intensive human activity. Furthermore, PCB contamination in the indoor environment is ten-fold higher than outdoors, which may present expose risk for humans through the inhalation of contaminated air or through the ingestion of dust. In such settings, the inhalation route may contribute significantly to PCB exposure. The data on human health effects due to PCB inhalation are scarce. More epidemiological studies should be performed to investigate the inhalation dose and response mechanism and to evaluate the health risks. Further studies should also evaluate the health impact of prolonged low-concentration PCB exposure.

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Polychlorinated biphenyls in indoor dust from urban dwellings of Lahore, Pakistan: Congener profile, toxicity equivalency, and human health implications

Cited by 16 publications

References 61 publications

Human health risk surveillance of polychlorinated biphenyls in bovine milk from alluvial plain of Punjab, Pakistan

Human health risk surveillance of polychlorinated biphenyls in bovine milk from alluvial plain of Punjab, Pakistan

Impact of Indoor Air Pollution in Pakistan—Causes and Management

A Review of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) Pollution in the Air: Where and How Much Are We Exposed to?

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