Polycrystalline Diamond Coating on Orthopedic Implants: Realization and Role of Surface Topology and Chemistry in Adsorption of Proteins and Cell Proliferation

Abstract

Polycrystalline diamond has the potential to improve the osseointegration of orthopedic implants compared to conventional materials such as titanium. However, despite the excellent biocompatibility and superior mechanical properties, the major challenge of using diamond for implants, such as those used for hip arthroplasty, is the limitation of microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (CVD) techniques to synthesize diamond on complex-shaped objects. Here, for the first time, we demonstrate diamond growth on titanium acetabular shells using the surface wave plasma CVD method. Polycrystalline diamond coatings were synthesized at low temperatures (∼400 °C) on three types of acetabular shells with different surface structures and porosities. We achieved the growth of diamond on highly porous surfaces designed to mimic the structure of the trabecular bone and improve osseointegration. Biocompatibility was investigated on nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) and ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) coatings terminated either with hydrogen or oxygen. To understand the role of diamond surface topology and chemistry in the attachment and proliferation of mammalian cells, we investigated the adsorption of extracellular matrix proteins and monitored the metabolic activity of fibroblasts, osteoblasts, and bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The interaction of bovine serum albumin and type I collagen with the diamond surfaces was investigated by confocal fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). We found that the proliferation of osteogenic cells was better on hydrogen-terminated UNCD than on the oxygen-terminated counterpart. These findings correlated with the behavior of collagen on diamond substrates observed by FLIM. Hydrogen-terminated UNCD provided better adhesion and proliferation of osteogenic cells, compared to titanium, while the growth of fibroblasts was poorest on hydrogen-terminated NCD and MSCs behaved similarly on all tested surfaces. These results open new opportunities for application of diamond coatings on orthopedic implants to further improve bone fixation and osseointegration.

Modulating Lineage Specification in Stem Cell Differentiation via Bioelectrical Stimulation Intensity Matching

“…[ 25 ] Accordingly, to better understand the initial relationship between surface potential and stem cells, we performed classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to simulate protein adsorption onto a P(VDF‐TrFE) membrane ( Figure a). Adherent proteins on a material surface are strongly associated with cellular behavior on that surface, such as attachment, [ 26 ] proliferation, [ 27 ] and differentiation. [ 28 ] Fibronectin (FN) is considered essential for osteogenic differentiation owing to its close affinity for integrins expressed by stem cells.…”

Diamond Composite: A “1 + 1 > 2” Strategy to Design and Explore Advanced Functional Materials

“…After the amine group was deprotected and attached to a single-stranded DNA, the detection of the DNA hybridization event was conducted in a solution containing fluorescent dye. In another example, protein adsorption on the Dia/SiC composite surfaces has been partially controlled via varying surface terminations of two phases (namely, OH-terminated β-SiC phase and OH-/H-terminated diamond phase as well as adjusting diamond/β-SiC phase ratios in the composites. ,, Postoxidation treatment of a Dia/β-SiC gradient composite led to proteins (bovine serum albumin and fibrinogen) favoring diamond over β-SiC surfaces, while after H-treatment proteins preferred β-SiC over diamond surfaces (Figure b). To investigate this preference, mechanisms were explored after considering hydrogen bonding within a water self-association network on OH-terminated surfaces and the changes in the polar surface energy component.…”

Low-Temperature Plasma Techniques in Biomedical Applications and Therapeutics: An Overview

“…Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are on the rise, which poses a challenge to IAI treatment [ 149 ]. Revision surgeries are more difficult, time-consuming, expensive, and subject to more risks than initial operations [ 150 ]. Many orthopedic implants and intramedullary rods are made of titanium as a common material.…”