Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon source fingerprints in the environmental samples of Anzali—South of Caspian Sea

Abstract

The major emission sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Anzali city, apportionment of these sources and transfer of PAHs through street dust and runoff to rivers and finally the Caspian Sea were studied. PAHs in environmental samples including street dust, runoff and river sediment samples as well as in major sources of hydrocarbons in urban area including vehicles exhaust, gasoline and diesel fuels, engine oils of automobiles and boats, asphalt and tire debris were extracted by Soxhlet and liquid-liquid extraction in solid and liquid phase and were analyzed by GC-MS. Significance of each source in PAHs emission in the area was identified by chemical fingerprinting. According to the spatial distribution of PAHs in receptor samples stations of street dust and runoff located in the center of the city with high traffic of vehicles had higher concentrations of PAHs than stations in the out bonds of the city. In the river sediment samples, the stations located in the port area had the highest concentrations of PAHs. Results of chemical fingerprinting showed that especially in street dust and runoff samples, the isometric patterns of PAHs were rather similar to those in the proposed major sources, showing that they may have been originated from them, especially from asphalt and tire.On the contrary, river sediment samples were confirmed to receive inputs from other unknown independent sources.

Analysis of Factors Influencing Plant–Microbe Combined Remediation of Soil Contaminated by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

“…Most previous phytoremediation technologies focused on the removal of toxic heavy metals from the soil by plants. In recent years, studies have shown that plants have a certain ability to remove organic pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls from the soil [56,57]. The selection of an efficient remediation technology according to the type of pollution and the degree of pollution is conducive to rapid and secondary pollution-free soil remediation.…”

“…Previous studies have shown that the combination of some legumes and other plants can accelerate the elimination of PAHs from soil [66]. Specifically, Benjamin et al [57] researched different levels of plant species richness (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 60 species) and 1-4 plant functional groups (grasses, small herbs, tall herbs, and legumes) in a randomized Compared with physical and chemical remediation, phytoremediation has some drawbacks. For example, the treatment cycle in phytoremediation is longer, and thus the contaminated soil cannot be quickly repaired.…”

“…Previous studies have shown that the combination of some legumes and other plants can accelerate the elimination of PAHs from soil [66]. Specifically, Benjamin et al [57] researched different levels of plant species richness (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 60 species) and 1-4 plant functional groups (grasses, small herbs, tall herbs, and legumes) in a randomized block design. The concentrations (ng g −1 ) of ∑15 PAHs in the soils were 57-329.…”

Concentration Levels, Spatial Distribution and Source Identification of PAHs, n-Alkanes, Hopanes and Steranes in Deposited Dust of Mashhad, Iran, and Potential Health Risk Assessment

“…According to (Tringe et al 2008, HVAC dust could provide an integrated indicator of indoor airborne pollution levels. Several researchers have also looked at the concentrations of heavy metals and PAHs in household dust, as well as their relationships with possible sources (indoor and outdoor) and distribution of particle size (Al-Rajhi et al 1996;Chattopadhyay et al 2003;Khedidji et al 2013;Al Ali et al 2017;Škrbić et al 2019;Azimi et al 2020). The difference in emission sources of PAHs (i.e., traffic emissions, domestic heating, industrial activities, agricultural waste and biomass burnings, and forest fires) should be exposed (Pongpiachan et al 2017).…”

Investigating the concentration levels, distribution patterns, source identification and health risk assessment of PAHs, n-alkanes, hopanes, and steranes in deposited dust of Mashhad, Iran

“…According to one report, HVAC dust could provide an integrated indicator of indoor airborne pollution levels (Tringe et al 2008). Several researchers have also looked into the concentrations of heavy metals and PAHs in household dust, as well as their relationships with possible sources (indoor and outdoor) and distribution of particles' size (Al-Rajhi et al 1996, Al Ali et al 2017, Azimi et al 2020, Chattopadhyay et al 2003, Khedidji et al 2013, Škrbić et al 2019. PAHs concentrations in the air were assessed individually at indoor and outdoor sites, and higher concentrations of PAHs were detected in indoor samples than the outdoor ones (Pandit et al 2001).…”