Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in edible fats and oils: occurrence and analytical methods

Moret, Sabrina; Purcaro, Giorgia

doi:10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00079-0

Cited by 289 publications

(183 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The seasonings were made of sesame oil, soybean sauce, garlic, pepper, spice and wine. The oil and organic compounds are partially broken down into smaller unstable fragments at high temperature; mostly, radicals recombine to give relatively stable PAHs (Moret and Conte, 2000). The variety of seasonings used in vendor groups (I) might be one of the factors leading to the high percentage of car-PAHs to total PAHs.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to carcinogenic PAHs for the vendors of broiled food

Chang

Chien

Chiang

et al. 2005

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Three types of popular vendors, including meat and non-meat food (e.g, fishballs), vendor group (I), rice sausage sandwiches vendor group (II), and roasted corn on-the-cob vendor group (III), from the night markets of Taiwan were chosen for this research. The average concentrations of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (car-PAHs) were 2445 ng/m 3 for vendor (II), 2276 ng/m 3 for vendor (II), and 133 ng/m 3 for vendor (III). Vendors groups (I) and (II) had exposure levels of Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP)-equivalent doses (BaP eq ) approximately 16 and 13 times higher than those for vendor group (III). The daily exposure doses of BaP eq in working duration for vendor group (II) and (II) were 2.80 and 2.28 mg/day, respectively. The employees of five offices on campus were chosen as a control group. The daily exposure doses of BaP eq during working hours for vendor group (II) and (II) were about 22 times and 18 times, respectively, higher than those for control group. This exposure dose for vendors group (III) (0.18 mg/day) was comparable with the dose for control group (0.13 mg/day). The whole-day exposure doses of t-PAHs, car-PAHs, BaP, and BaP eq for vendor groups (I) and (II) were very close to those during daily working hours. However, the daily exposure doses of BaP eq during working hours for vendor group (III) occurred only in a proportion of 62% of the whole-day exposure doses.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to carcinogenic PAHs for the vendors of broiled food

Chang

Chien

Chiang

et al. 2005

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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“…3,4,11,[14][15][16][17][18] The presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in vegetable oils may be attributed to (i) atmospheric contamination of plant material, (ii) direct drying of the plant material with combustion smoke before extraction, (iii) contamination through the solvent extraction and (iv) uptake by the oil plants from contaminated soils. 2,14 During the refining processes, the concentrations of these contaminants can be drastically reduced. The deodorization step contributes to remove mainly light PAHs (up to four aromatic rings), while charcoal treatment is responsible to reduce the heavy ones (5 and more aromatic rings).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The deodorization step contributes to remove mainly light PAHs (up to four aromatic rings), while charcoal treatment is responsible to reduce the heavy ones (5 and more aromatic rings). 2,19,20 Nevertheless, in Brazil the use of charcoal as adsorbent by the oil refineries is not a common practice and, in addition, the Brazilian regulation for oils and fats does not establish a maximum level for any PAH.In this context it is necessary that rapid and reliable methods are available for monitoring the levels of these compounds in different matrices. The analytical procedures mostly used for PAHs involve several steps with an extensive clean-up and require large volumes of organic solvents.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The analytical procedures mostly used for PAHs involve several steps with an extensive clean-up and require large volumes of organic solvents. 2,11,18,[21][22][23] Solid-phase extraction (SPE) has been successfully applied, showing good selectivity and recovery, requiring smaller amounts of solvent for elution and resulting in shorter time analysis. [23][24][25] Although several methods for different sets of PAHs have been described in the literature, no one has designed for a simultaneous HPLC determination of the 13 PAHs, considered genotoxic and carcinogenic by the JECFA, in edible oils.…”

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confidence: 99%

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HPLC-FLD simultaneous determination of 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: validation of an analytical procedure for soybean oils

Camargo¹,

Antoniolli²,

Vicente³

2011

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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Um método usando cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detecção por fluorescência (HPLC-FLD) foi desenvolvido para a determinação simultânea de 13 hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPAs) em óleos de soja. A preparação das amostras envolve etapas de extração líquido-líquido com dimetilformamida-água (9:1 v/v), seguida de extração e pré-concentração dos HPAs em fase sólida utilizando cartuchos C-18. O método apresentou bons níveis de recuperação para a maioria dos HPAs estudados com valores entre 71 e 115%. As curvas de calibração obtidas se mostraram lineares dentro das respectivas faixas de trabalho (R 2 > 0,999). Os limites de detecção (LOD) e quantificação (LOQ) variaram entre 0,02-0,76 µg kg -1 e 0,03-0,96 µg kg -1 , respectivamente. O método foi aplicado para avaliar a contaminação dos óleos de soja comerciais mais consumidos no mercado brasileiro. A presença de HPAs foi confirmada em todas as amostras analisadas com valores médios na faixa de 0,20 a 5,93 µg kg -1 .A method using high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) was developed for the simultaneous determination of 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soybean oils. The sample preparation includes liquid-liquid extraction with dimethylformamide-water (9:1, v/v) followed by a clean-up and concentration step with C-18 SPE cartridges. The method showed good recoveries for most of the PAHs studied with values between 71 and 115%. The calibration curves were linear over the range tested (R 2 > 0.999). Detection and quantification limits varied between 0.02-0.76 µg kg -1 and 0.03-0.96 µg kg -1 , respectively. The analytical procedure was successfully applied to evaluate the contamination of most consumed brands of soybean oils commercially available in the Brazilian market. The presence of PAHs was confirmed in all samples analyzed with mean values ranging from 0.20 to 5.93 µg kg -1 .Keywords: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), soybean oils, HPLC-fluorescence, organic contaminants, food analysis IntroductionThe occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in food has attracted so much attention in the last few years because it is directly related to food safety. PAHs represent an important class of chemical carcinogens formed during incomplete combustion of organic material. Food is a significant source of PAHs for which human are exposed and their presence originate predominately from environmental pollution, during food processing (drying and smoking) and cooking (grilling, roasting, frying etc Camargo et al. 1355 Vol. 22, No. 7, 2011 the exception of benzo [ghi]perylene, have also shown clear carcinogenic effects in various types of bioassays in experimental animals. 13 During the JECFA sixty fourth meeting in 2005, the IPCS assessments and SCF re-evaluation of 33 compounds pointed the conclusion that 13 PAHs were clearly carcinogenic and genotoxic (Figure 1). 1 Except for benzo [ghi]perylene and cyclopenta [cd]pyrene, the compounds were the same as those stated by SCF. 1,13 Stu...

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“…This is the case with compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) or organochlorinated (OC) or polyoxygenated compounds. Although GC-MS is a suitable technique for the selective and sensitive determination of PAHs [6] and OCs [7,8], the high molecular mass, polarity, and low volatility of polyoxygenated compounds prevents the use of this approach [9].…”

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Evaluation of different quantitative approaches for the determination of noneasily ionizable molecules by different atmospheric pressure interfaces used in liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry: Abamectin as case of study

Grimalt

Pozo

Marín

et al. 2005

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

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The liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy residue determination of compounds without any acidic or basic centers such as abamectin has been investigated. Several approaches regarding the interface used and adduct formation have been compared. The low acidity of the hydroxyl groups only made deprotonation feasible using the atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) interface. To obtain sufficient sensitivity for residue analysis, the Ion Sabre APCI interface was necessary. However, the sensitivity attained was lower than for monitoring adducts in positive ion mode. Using electrospray ionization, different adducts with Na ϩ , NH 4 ϩ , and Li ϩ were tested and compared. The best results were obtained for the ammoniated adduct in electrospray ionization (ESI) because of its high sensitivity and the presence of several product ions with similar abundance. The highest sensitivity was reached using an in-source fragment as precursor ion, leading to a limit of detection (LOD) of 2 g/L with low relative standard deviation. The relatively high abundance of other transitions allowed abamectin confirmation at concentrations close to the LOD (6 g/L). Alkali ions were found to be a suitable alternative to determine and confirm abamectin at residue levels. The [M ϩ Na] ϩ also presented various product ions with similar abundance, which allowed confirmation at LOD levels. However, this LOD was found to be almost four times higher than with [M ϩ NH 4 ] ϩ because of the poor sensitivity of the transitions obtained. Although the use of Li ϩ facilitated the fragmentation of the adduct [M ϩ Li] ϩ , with similar sensitivity to [M ϩ NH 4 ] ϩ , this fragmentation preferentially generated only one product ion, which did not allow confirmation at concentration levels lower than 15 g/L. The use of APCI for monitoring adducts was also feasible, but with less sensitivity. The sensitivity increased with the Ion Sabre APCI, although it was still five times lower than with ESI. Other adduct formers such as Co 2ϩ and Ni 2ϩ also were tested with unsatisfactory results. (J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2005, 16, 1619 -1630

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in edible fats and oils: occurrence and analytical methods

Cited by 289 publications

References 27 publications

Exposure to carcinogenic PAHs for the vendors of broiled food

Exposure to carcinogenic PAHs for the vendors of broiled food

HPLC-FLD simultaneous determination of 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: validation of an analytical procedure for soybean oils

Evaluation of different quantitative approaches for the determination of noneasily ionizable molecules by different atmospheric pressure interfaces used in liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry: Abamectin as case of study

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