Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Fresh and Smoked Body Parts of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) and the Possible Risks to Human Health

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Two Commonly Consumed Fresh and Smoked Fishes in Ekiti State and their Effects on Human Health

“…The observed BaA/(BaA + Chry) ratios in both species were > 0.35 which also indicated pyrogenic sources of PAHs contamination. This discovery also confirms the finding of Gilbert, et al [40] and Adeyeye, et al [19]. The potential risk of PAH exposure based on TEQ or MEQ may be underestimated if the interaction of some PAHs is synergistic rather than additives.…”

“…It is also important to note that the BaP equivalent-based approaches according to Chen and Liao [70] used for carcinogenic risk assessment is restricted to a few PAHs that have been examined in ambient air, and does not account for the toxicity of all PAHs to which the general population are exposed. From the literature, PAHs are also known to cause growth decline [53], endocrine alteration [61], distortions of embryo and larvae [71,72] and DNA impairment [73] in fish, as well as human health effects such as cancer, mutations and birth defects [74,75,19] and it, may also pose adversarial impacts on marine life [15]. However, these working environments may include other potent pollutants than PAHs which may be carcinogenic.…”

“…PAHs on hematopoietic andimmune systems producing reproductive, neurologic and developmental effects[76,77,19]. Thus, the values reported in this study may need to be considered as the lower limit of estimated potential PAH health risk resulting from fish samples.…”

“…PAHs occur as a potent contaminant in diverse food categories and beverages including various set of liquid substances such as water [18,19], fruit, cereals, oils [20,21], smoked meat [22,23] and smoked fish [24,25,26,27]. The accumulations of these in the body have resulted in growth retardation, low birth weight, small head circumference, low IQ, damaged DNA in unborn children and the disruption of endocrine systems, such as estrogens, thyroid, and steroids [28].…”

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Fresh and Smoked Clupea heregus and Hake Fish Consumed in Ekiti State, Nigeria and their Health Implications

“…In foods of animal origin, it was proposed that the lipophilic character of PAHs is responsible for the accumulation in the fat of animal which eat contaminated plants 5 . They have been reported to occur as contaminants in different food categories and beverages including water fresh and smoked fishes fruit, cereals and oil [6][7] . Non processed fish contain low PAHs concentration even when it comes from contaminated water because fishes rapidly metabolize PAHs resulting in low steady state level in the tissue 8 .…”