Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fruits and vegetables: Origin, analysis, and occurrence

Paris, Alice; Ledauphin, Jérôme; Poinot, Pauline; Gaillard, Jean‐Luc

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.028

Cited by 152 publications

(103 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…Several studies have shown that PAH levels in plants/crops are correlated with the concentration of gaseous and particulate PAHs in the air (Lin et al 2007;Tao et al 2006). It might be concluded that atmospheric air is the main route for contamination of plants with PAHs via precipitation and/or exposure to particulate matter (Paris et al 2018). PAH migration from air to plants depends on several factors, such as the presence of a waxy cuticle and the presence of compounds able to create PAH complexes (Roszko et al 2018;Liu et al 2017;Kipopoulou et al 1999;Lin et al 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PAH migration from air to plants depends on several factors, such as the presence of a waxy cuticle and the presence of compounds able to create PAH complexes (Roszko et al 2018;Liu et al 2017;Kipopoulou et al 1999;Lin et al 2007). Data indicating the other possible route of contamination, i.e., absorption of PAHs via plant roots, are rather limited (Liu et al 2017;Paris et al 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Background levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and legacy organochlorine pesticides in wheat sampled in 2017 and 2018 in Poland

Roszko

Juszczyk

Szczepańska

et al. 2020

Environ Monit Assess

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Both polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and legacy organochlorine insecticides (OCPs), including DDT, are dangerous chemical contaminants. The aims of this study were to (i) determine background levels of PAHs and legacy OCPs for wheat samples collected in 2017 and 2018 in Poland, (ii) identify differences between levels in wheat harvested in various regions of Poland, (iii) evaluate differences in contamination sources manifested by the profiles of the identified chemicals, (iv) identify possible correlations between different classes of chemicals present in wheat, and (v) assess the health risks associated with the presence of PAHs and OCPs in Polish wheat. Average concentrations found in the samples were 0.09 ± 0.03 μg kg −1 for benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) (formerly used as a single PAH marker), 0.43 ± 0.16 for the more recently introduced collective PAH 4 marker (benzo[a]anthracene + benzo[a]pyrene + chrysene + benzo[b]fluoranthene), and 1.07 ± 0.68 μg kg −1 for DDT and its metabolites. The PAH profiles indicated contamination from combustion-related emission sources (liquid fossil fuels, coal, biomass). Health risks associated with the presence of PAHs and OCPs in cereals were assessed using the margin of exposure (MOE) approach. The MOE values calculated based on the highest concentrations found in this study exceeded 50,000 for both BaP and PAH 4. The calculated worst-case scenario value for DDT and metabolites was as low as 0.3% of the respective tolerable daily intake (TDI) value. Assessment of dietary risk has shown that the presence of the two contaminant classes in Polish wheat grains is of low concern.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Background levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and legacy organochlorine pesticides in wheat sampled in 2017 and 2018 in Poland

Roszko

Juszczyk

Szczepańska

et al. 2020

Environ Monit Assess

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“…Level of PAHs in pulp is lower than in peel. Globally, light PAHs are predominant and preferentially accumulate in peels [34]. According to other studies there is no pattern for PAH contamination in fruits.…”

Section: Real Sample Analysismentioning

confidence: 86%

Supercritical fluid extraction followed by supramolecular solvent microextraction as a fast and efficient preconcentration method for determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in apple peels

Falsafi

Raofie

Ariya

2020

J of Separation Science

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In this work, reverse micelle‐based supramolecular solvent microextraction method coupled with supercritical fluid extraction and used for determining trace amounts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in apple peels. The extract was analyzed by high‐performance liquid chromatography equipped with a fluorescence detector. Coupling supramolecular solvent microextraction with supercritical fluid extraction method, resolve low preconcentration factor of supercritical fluid extraction method, improved limit of detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and allow the use of supramolecular solvent microextraction in solid matrices. The effective parameters on the supramolecular solvent microextraction and supercritical fluid extraction efficiency were optimized using one variable at a time and face centered design methods, respectively. Under the optimum condition, the limits of detection and limits of quantifications were in the range of 0.34–1.27 and 1.03–3.82 µg/kg, respectively. Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in apple peels showed that the supercritical fluid extraction/ supramolecular solvent microextraction method provide great potential for trace analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fruit samples (RSDs < 7.7%).

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“…The PAH content in the corresponding fresh fruit has been analysed by Paris et al [21], who reviewed the occurrence of PAHs in fruits and vegetables. The levels of 15 PAHs in 20 fruits from eight studies were collected.…”

Section: Pahs Contentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of thermal processing contaminant levels in dried and smoked fruits

Surma

Sadowska-Rociek

Cieśłik

2018

Eur Food Res Technol

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The paper reports the levels of thermal processing contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) and acrylamide (AA) in 28 dried (raisins, dates, apricots, cranberries and plums-prunes) and 15 smoked (pears, apples and plums) fruit samples from Polish retail market. Analytes were determined using GC-SIM-MS, after being subjected to modified QuEChERS method. The results showed that almost all PAHs were detected in smoked fruit samples, except of dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, which was identified only in 4 from 15 samples. In case of dried fruits they were quantified in all 28 samples. The highest 3-MCPD content in group of smoked fruits was noted in plums (70.9 µg kg −1), while in dried fruits for raisins (33.0 µg kg −1). The lowest amount, with the value of 9.3 µg kg −1 was identified in dried raisins and cranberry. In the group of smoked fruits, the lowest AA amount was found in apple sample (19.6 µg kg −1) and the highest in sample of plums (730 µg kg −1) followed by pears sample (696 µg kg −1). The AA concentration in dried fruits ranged from < LOQ for dates sample, raisins, and cranberry samples to 141 µg kg −1 for plums sample in our best knowledge, the present paper is the first study concerning the level of the contamination by these heat-induced compounds in such a diversity of foodstuffs such as dried and smoked fruits.

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fruits and vegetables: Origin, analysis, and occurrence

Cited by 152 publications

References 65 publications

Background levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and legacy organochlorine pesticides in wheat sampled in 2017 and 2018 in Poland

Background levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and legacy organochlorine pesticides in wheat sampled in 2017 and 2018 in Poland

Supercritical fluid extraction followed by supramolecular solvent microextraction as a fast and efficient preconcentration method for determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in apple peels

Assessment of thermal processing contaminant levels in dried and smoked fruits

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