Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) leachates from cigarette butts into water

Dobaradaran, Sina; Schmidt, Torsten; Lorenzo-Parodi, Nerea; Kaziur-Cegla, Wiebke; Jochmann, Maik A.; Nabipour, Iraj; Lutze, Holger V.; Telgheder, Ursula

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.113916

Cited by 111 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Benzene, toluene, and related chemicals are in low concentration in CBs, but also leach quickly, with one to two -thirds of the chemicals that are leached in one day leaching within the first 15 min (Dobaradaran et al 2021). Most polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons likewise leach rapidly, although the heavier compounds leached primarily between days 14 and the end of the study at 21 days (Dobaradaran 2020). Metals vary in leaching rates, with some (e.g., Pb, Ni, Zn) leaching primarily during the first day and others (e.g., Fe, Mn) continuing to leach over a 34-day period (Moerman and Potts 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cigarette butt effects on diatom health in a stream ecosystem

2021

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Cigarette butts are a prevalent form of litter containing numerous toxic chemicals. Because cigarette butts are frequently deposited on the ground and carried into water bodies, greater understanding of the toxic effects of cigarette butts in aquatic ecosystems is needed. We examined the toxicity of cigarette butts to algal growth and diatom health-especially pertinent because of the strong ecological role of these organisms. We modified the agar-based nutrientdiffusing substrate method by using cigarette butt leachate (at 10, 5, 2.5, and 1.25 butts/l concentrations), a whole cigarette butt, and a plain agar control. After incubating for 10 days in a small stream, the biofilms from the diffusing substrates were assessed for algal biomass and diatom health (chloroplast intactness and size of lipid bodies in two abundant species of Navicula). There were no significant differences among the cigarette butt treatments for algal biomass or diatom health; hence, evidence of toxic effects was not found. Other studies have demonstrated cigarette butt leachate toxicity to fish and aquatic invertebrates, but these studies were done in closed systems. In contrast, in open stream ecosystems, effluent may be quickly diluted and carried away by water flow, and the complex chemical environment of streams likely includes leachate from a variety of riparian leaves that fell into the stream (i.e., algae are naturally exposed to low concentrations of a wide variety of secondary chemicals). Our results do not preclude the finding of toxicity of cigarette butt effluent to algae, including diatoms, in standard toxicity tests.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cigarette butt effects on diatom health in a stream ecosystem

2021

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“…Laboratory and field studies demonstrate that PAHs are primary tobacco-related contaminants and that CBs release PAHs into environments, presumably from captured tar [1,[46][47][48]. Dobaradaran et al measured 16 PAHs in freshly smoked CBs, week-old CBs from city streets, and aged CBs in urban river areas, and found that concentrations decreased with CB age [46].…”

Section: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A wide range of pollutants can leach from disposed CBs [91]. These leachates include: nicotine, aromatic amines, and nitrosamines [92][93][94]; PAHs [47,49]; metals [66,95]; BTEX compounds, including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, and p-xylene [96]; and phenols [94]. Roder Green et al found that nicotine rapidly leached from test CBs, and estimated that one CB can contaminate 1000 L of water with nicotine to levels that are chronically toxic to biota [92].…”

Section: Cigarette Buttsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Environmental Pollution from the Use and Disposal of Cigarettes and Electronic Cigarettes: Contaminants, Sources, and Impacts

et al. 2021

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While the impacts of cigarette smoking on human health are widely known, a less recognized impact of tobacco product use and disposal is environmental pollution. This review discusses the current literature related to cigarette and e-cigarette contamination in the context of environmental sources and impacts, with a focus on the documented influences on biota, ranging from bacteria to mammals. Cigarette butts and electronic cigarette components can leach contaminants into soil, water, and air. Cellulose acetate cigarette filters comprising the butts are minimally degradable and are a source of bulk plastic and microplastic pollution, especially in aquatic ecosystems where they tend to accumulate. Cigarette combustion and aerosol production during e-cigarette use result in air contamination from sidestream, exhaled, and thirdhand pathways. The chemical byproducts of tobacco product use contaminate wastewater effluents, landfill leachates, and urban storm drains. The widespread detection of nicotine and cotinine in the environment illustrates the potential for large-scale environmental impacts of tobacco product waste. Studies show that cigarette butt leachate and nicotine are toxic to microbes, plants, benthic organisms, bivalves, zooplankton, fish, and mammals; however, there remain critical knowledge gaps related to the environmental impacts of tobacco product waste on environmental health and ecosystem functioning.

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“…Tobacco products are classified among the most dangerous carcinogens [ 1 ]. Health risks associated with smoking are related to the presence of several carcinogens and toxicants in cigarettes, including polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, N-nitrosamine, natural radionuclides and toxic metals and metalloids [ 2 , 3 ]. These dangerous elements are found in the tobacco plants themselves, in the chemicals formed during the curing, fermenting, processing, and aging of tobacco as well as in cigarettes and their discarded butts [ 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cigarette butts, among the most common forms of litter, are a potential source of toxic substance contamination in the environment [6]. Specifically, these discarded butts contain arsenic and heavy metals, nicotine and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [2,7]. Although a single cigarette stub does not pose a significant threat to the environment, the cumulative effect of large quantities of butts discarded in a particular area may indeed pose a threat to local organisms when their harmful contents leach into the environment [8][9][10][11]12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the release of metals from cigarette butts into the environment

et al. 2021

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Cigarette butts are known to contain toxic metals which pose a potential threat to the environment and human health. The seriousness of this threat is largely determined by the leachability of these toxic metals when the butts are exposed to aqueous solutions in the environment. The aims of this study were to determine the presence and mobility of toxic and non-toxic elements found in discarded cigarette butts; to relate this mobility to two different contact situations with leaching liquids: tumbling and trampling (batch test) and percolation in a static position (column test); and finally, to verify possible variations in solubility by simulating different environmental systems. Five leachants with different pH values were used to simulate various environmental conditions The concentrations of the solubilized metals were determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). CH3COOH pH 2.5 showed the greatest capacity to dissolve many elements. On the contrary, weakly acidic or alkaline environments did not favor the leachability of the elements. The best extraction capacity of the column with respect to the batch is statistically significant (p <0.05) for the elements Al, Fe, Ni and Zn, while the batch for P, Si, S. Pb, Cd, As were not detectable in cigarette butts, while Hg had an average concentration of 0.0502 μg/g. However, Hg was < LOD in all different leachants.

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) leachates from cigarette butts into water

Cited by 111 publications

References 45 publications

Cigarette butt effects on diatom health in a stream ecosystem

Cigarette butt effects on diatom health in a stream ecosystem

A Review of Environmental Pollution from the Use and Disposal of Cigarettes and Electronic Cigarettes: Contaminants, Sources, and Impacts

Assessment of the release of metals from cigarette butts into the environment

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