and electron-transfer, and then controlling these mechanisms for user-defined purposes. For energy applications (e.g., capacitors and batteries), the focus is on storing large quantities of electrons and controlling their discharge. [1][2][3] For information processing applications (e.g., electronics), [4,5] materials are desired that can gate and rectify electron-flow. [6,7] Other applications focus on materials that offer state-dependent properties (e.g., optoelectronics) [8] or memory (e.g., memristors). [9] With the growing emphasis on safety and sustainability, and the expanding interest in life-science applications, there is an increasing interest in the development of electronic materials that function in aqueous systems. [10] In aqueous systems, electron-transfer is constrained by the solvent and typically occurs through at least two distinctly different mechanisms each of which favors different types of materials. [11][12][13] One electron-transfer mechanism is a metal-like conductivity. [14,15] Carbon-based nanomaterials have been especially important for conferring such conductivity [14,16] with benefits that include enhanced double layer charge storage for energy applications [17][18][19][20][21] and electrocatalytic properties for sensing applications. [22][23][24] A second electron-transfer mechanism involves reduction-oxidation (redox) reactions. Redox polymers offer such properties and have been used in applications that include energy Electronic materials that allow the controlled flow of electrons in aqueous media are required for emerging applications that require biocompatibility, safety, and/or sustainability. Here, a composite hydrogel film composed of graphene and catechol is electrofabricated, and that this composite offers synergistic properties is reported. Graphene confers metal-like conductivity and enables charge-storage through an electrical double layer mechanism. Catechol confers redox-activity and enables charge-storage through a redox mechanism. Importantly, there are two functional populations of catechols: conducting-catechols (presumably in intimate contact with graphene) allow direct electron-transfer; and non-conducting-catechols (presumably physically separated from graphene) require diffusible mediators to enable electrontransfer. Using a variety of spectroelectrochemical measurements, that the capacity of the composite for charge-storage increases in proportion to the extent by which the catechol-groups can undergo redox-state switching is demonstrated. To illustrate the broad relevance of this work, how the redoxstate switching can be related to both the charge storage of energy materials and the memory of molecular electronic materials is discussed. The authors believe this work is significant because it demonstrates that: conducting and redox-active components enable distinctly different mechanisms for chargestorage and electron-transfer; these components act synergistically; and mediators provide unique opportunities to extend the capabilities of electronic materials.