“…As shown in Figure 11 , an increase in Cav1.3 induces an increase in the cytosolic Ca 2+ concentration of H9c2 cells, thereby increasing the activation of Ca 2+ -dependent signalling, Rcan1, calcineurin, and calpain, which subsequently upregulates the gene expression of hypertrophy markers and upregulates the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines by activating the NF-κB/p65-dependent signalling pathway [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ], causing cardiac hypertrophy and inflammation. Meanwhile, the elevation of Gal-3, RhoA, and Rock further increased ROS [ 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ], subsequently regulating the Bcl-2/caspase-3-dependent apoptotic signalling pathway [ 33 , 34 ], thereby leading to cell rupture and fibrosis.…”