Polyelectrolytes in Aqueous Solutions—Filtration, Hyperfiltration, and Dynamic Membranes

Johnson, James S.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-2004-3_19

Cited by 7 publications

References 20 publications

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Membrane Materials and Module Development, Historical Perspective

Kucera¹

2013

Encyclopedia of Membrane Science and Technology

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The recorded history of membrane‐based separations can be traced back to the mid‐eighteenth century, when Abbe Nollet “observed” the phenomenon of osmosis. Over 100 years later, Fick formulated his Law of Diffusion through membranes (which is still today considered fundamental to understanding membrane transport). However, little other substantive development work with membranes was undertaken prior to the early 1900s, and efforts after the turn of the century were focused primarily on microfiltration. It was not until the mid‐twentieth century that membranes and membrane‐based technologies began to flourish. In the 50 + years since then, development of synthetic membranes has resulted in a number of membranes, varieties and applications. Membranes have been prepared from an assortment of organic (polymeric) and inorganic (ceramic) materials, and have been used for such diverse separations as gas from gas; gas from liquid; liquid from liquid; dissolved solids from liquid; and suspended solids from liquids. This article chronicles the development of membrane materials, from early efforts using microfiltration to culture bacteria, through the prolific growth of membranes in the latter half of the twentieth century, to the advent of nanotechnology in polymeric and ceramic membranes. In addition to details about membrane materials, preparation methods, and modularization techniques, the drivers for development are discussed.

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Membrane Materials and Module Development, Historical Perspective

Kucera¹

2013

Encyclopedia of Membrane Science and Technology

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Dynamic deposition of polyacids on porous membrane supports

Ozari

Tanny

Jagur‐Grodzinski

1977

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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SynopsisPoly(acry1ic acids), poly(styrenesu1fonic acid), and their block and random copolymers were tested for their ability to form dynamic membrznes on partially cured asymmetric cellulose acetate. Chemically modified porous polypropylene (Celgard) was also used as a support for poly(acry1ic acid). Salt rejections, water fluxes, and streaming potentials of membranes were tested under hyperfiltration conditions. Sorption of the polyelectrolytes by the cellulose acetate supports was studied using spectrophotometric, 22Na tracer, and electron microscopy techniques. The dynamic membrane formation was noted only for poly(acry1ic acid) and for its 1:4:1 block copolymer with poly(styrenesulfonic acid). The uneffectiveness of other polyelectrolytes was discussed in terms of a negative zeta potential of cellulose acetate. The increase in salt rejection (R) due to the polyelectrolyte is strongly dependent on the initial R, of the support. Sharp maxima in the AR -versus-R, curves have been noted for R, in the range of 40-55%. The most significant improvement in the hyperfiltration characteristics of cellulose acetate was attained with the 1:4:1 block co$olymer. Flux of 17 gfd a t 350 psi and R = 93% was obtained in short-term tests for a 0.1N feed solution. Long-term tests did not reveal any flux or salt rejection decline for membranes in which poly(acry1ic acid) was complexed with phosphoramidic groups grafted onto Celgard.

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Ionenaustauscher‐Membranen

Pusch

1975

Chemie Ingenieur Technik

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Nach einem kurzen Oberblick iiber die physikalisch-chemischen Eigenschaften von Polyelektrolyten werden die verschiedenen Arten von Ionenaustauscher-Membranen, ihre Herstellung und ihre Charakterisierung besprochen. Ionenaustauscher-Membranen dienen der Konzentrierung von Elektrolyt-Losungen, der Trennung von Elektrolyten, der Herstellung ionenspezifischer Elektroden und dem Schutz von Elektroden in elektrochemischen Zellen vor aggressiven Medien. Ferner werden Ionenaustauscher-Membranen groBtechnisch zur Salzgewinnung und Abwasseraufbereitung durch Elektrodialyse eingesetzt. Weitere Anwendungsgebiete sind die Chloralkali-Elektrolyse und die Wasserelektrolyse. Polyelektrolyte -Bauelemente fur lonenaustauscher-Membranen Nach Rabek [24] erhiilt man Polyelektrolyte, ,, . . . wenn in eine Kette einer hochmolekularen organischen Verbindung von linearer Struktur ionogene Gruppen eingebaut werden". Baut man so z. B. in Polyiithylen, -CH2-CHz-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-, an jedem zweiten Kohlenstoff-Atom eine Carboxyl-Gruppe -COOH ein, so gelangt man zur Polyacrylsaure : 914 Chemie-fng.-Techn. 47. lahrg. 1975 I Nr. 22-CHz-CH -CHZ -CH -CHZ -CH -CH, -CH -CH, -

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Polyelectrolytes in Aqueous Solutions—Filtration, Hyperfiltration, and Dynamic Membranes

Cited by 7 publications

References 20 publications

Membrane Materials and Module Development, Historical Perspective

Membrane Materials and Module Development, Historical Perspective

Dynamic deposition of polyacids on porous membrane supports

Ionenaustauscher‐Membranen

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