Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) recycling: A review

Muringayil Joseph, Tomy; Azat, Seitkhan; Ahmadi, Zahed; Moini Jazani, Omid; Esmaeili, Amin; Kianfar, Ehsan; Haponiuk, Józef; Thomas, Sabu

doi:10.1016/j.cscee.2024.100673

Cited by 38 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 136 publications

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“…Among these methods, methanolysis is the most promising recycling approach with significant industrial potential. It is favored for its easy purification of products, simplicity in decolorization, and independence of the raw material source. , However, the conventional methanolysis of PET commonly employs harsh reaction conditions, such as high reaction temperature and high reaction pressure, which promotes the occurrence of side reactions and leads to a decrease in the yield of the products. In addition, metal catalysts are also usually introduced into the reaction, such as the metal oxides (ZnO, Co 3 O 4 , Mn 3 O 4 , ZnMn 2 O 4 , MgO, etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Currently, the primary methods for recycling discarded PET include biodegradation, physical, and chemical recycling. − Of these approaches, chemical recycling has been widely recognized and embraced by the principles of “sustainable society” and “green chemistry”. , The primary methods of chemical recycling for PET include pyrolysis, hydrolysis, methanolysis, glycolysis, and other alcoholyses and aminolysis/ammonolysis . Among these methods, methanolysis is the most promising recycling approach with significant industrial potential.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Efficient Methanolysis of PET Catalyzed by Nonmetallic Deep Eutectic Solvents

Li,

Yan,

Cheng

et al. 2024

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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The methanolysis of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) can address the environmental pollution and resource waste caused by waste PET, and the obtained monomer dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) is easy to separate and purify. However, conventional methanolysis of PET usually uses metal-containing catalysts, resulting in metal residues in the degradation products, which affects subsequent high-value utilization. Meantime, the reaction conditions of high temperature and high pressure promotes the occurrence of side reactions and reduces the yield of the main products. Herein, the nonmetallic deep eutectic solvent (DES) 1,5-diazabicyclo [4.3.0]-5-nonene (DBN)/Phenol was employed as a catalyst for PET methanolysis. 100% PET conversion and 95.3% DMT yield were obtained at 130 °C for 1 h. The possible reaction mechanism was investigated by combining NMR, FT-IR, GPC analysis, and DFT calculations. DBN and phenol were connected through N−H−O hydrogen bonding, where the hydrogen atom interacted with the carbonyl oxygen of PET and the oxygen atom activated the hydroxyl group of methanol. Additionally, GPC analysis showed that the dissolution and degradation of PET were simultaneous, which enhanced mass transfer and facilitated the reaction. The kinetic studies showed that PET methanolysis followed the first-order kinetic model with an activation energy of 103.3 kJ/mol, which was lower than the literature-reported value. This research provides an efficient nonmetallic deep eutectic solvent catalyst for PET methanolysis, which solves the problem of metal residues in the degradation products and reduces the reaction temperature. It is of great significance to simplify the purification steps and improve the economy of regeneration.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient Methanolysis of PET Catalyzed by Nonmetallic Deep Eutectic Solvents

Li,

Yan,

Cheng

et al. 2024

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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“…However, the problem is that these products are used for a short period of time and a large amount of waste is generated . To build a sustainable society in the future, methods to recycle or upconvert PET wastes with minimal environmental impact as much as possible will be necessary …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct Screening of PET Hydrolase Activity in Culture Medium Based on Turbidity Reduction

Ogura,

Hashino,

Nakamura

2024

ACS Omega

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The development of an efficient screening method for the activity of PET-degrading enzymes represents a significant technological advance in the field of enzyme research, with the potential to facilitate the advancement of enzymes for PET recycling. By examining the stable conditions of PET suspension and enzyme production conditions, we developed a method to quantify PET-degrading enzyme activity in E. coli culture medium using turbidity reduction as an indicator. High PET concentration or ionic strength caused aggregation of PET, and the best condition for activity detection was 0.5 mg mL–1 PET in 50 mM sodium phosphate pH 7.0. Preculture of E. coli increased the purity of enzyme secreted in medium. To evaluate the screening method, 720 colonies of the PET2-7M-H229X-F233X mutant library were analyzed and three candidates of high-activity mutants were obtained. The thermostability of the mutants could also be easily measured by measuring the residual activity after heat treatment. The H229T-F233M mutant showed 3.4 times higher degradation rate against PET film than the template enzyme at the initial time. The molecular dynamics simulation implied that the F233M mutation makes space for making an α helix and that the H229T mutation resolved the steric hindrance with Trp199. These mutations were speculated to change the angle of the Trp199 side chain of PET2 to an angle similar to that of the Trp185 of IsPETase, making it suitable for PET binding to the active center. Screening of activity using PET suspensions is compatible with robotic automation and is expected to be useful for validating computationally predicted mutations.

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Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells on Polycarbonate Film Substrates

Skafi,

Castriotta,

Taheri

et al. 2024

Advanced Energy Materials

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The market for polycarbonate (PC), a versatile material, is growing rapidly. Despite its widespread use in many applications, poor chemical resistance and roughness have hindered its adoption as a substrate in solar cell technologies. Here, the first‐ever perovskite solar cell (PSC) is demonstrated on PC films. A solution‐processed planarizing layer is developed using a commercial ambient‐curable refractory resin through blade coating which decreased film roughness from 1.46 µm to 23 nm, lowered water vapor transmission rates (WVTR) by a half, and significantly improved solvent resistance enabling deposition of precursor inks. The PSCs are fabricated on the planarized PC substrate, with a customized ITO electrode with an average visible transparency of 78%, sheet resistance of 25 Ω/sq, and a safe bending radius of 20 mm. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) reached 13.0%. The unencapsulated PSCs retained 80% of initial PCE after 1776 h upon ISOS‐D‐1 shelf‐life tests. These results open new pathways for integrating solar cells in many products made from PC materials, such as ID cards, smart cards, windows, skylights, buildings, and product packaging, as well as introducing a new solution for planarization and solvent barrier that can be used for other types of optoelectronic devices (LEDs, transistors, etc.) and substrates.

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Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) recycling: A review

Cited by 38 publications

References 136 publications

Efficient Methanolysis of PET Catalyzed by Nonmetallic Deep Eutectic Solvents

Efficient Methanolysis of PET Catalyzed by Nonmetallic Deep Eutectic Solvents

Direct Screening of PET Hydrolase Activity in Culture Medium Based on Turbidity Reduction

Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells on Polycarbonate Film Substrates

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