Plasmonic Au–Ag nanostars are excellent surface-enhanced
Raman scattering (SERS) probes due to bimetallic coupling and the
tip effect. However, the existing preparation methods of AuAg nanostars
cannot achieve controlled growth of the Ag layer on the branches of
nanostars and so cannot display their SERS to the maximum extent,
thus limiting its sensitivity in biosensing. Herein, a novel strategy
“PEI (polyethylenimine)-guided Ag deposition method”
is proposed for synthesizing AuAg core–shell nanostars (AuAg@Ag
NS) with a tunable distribution of the Ag layer from the core to the
tip, which offers an avenue for investigating the correlation between
SERS efficiency and the extent of spread of the Ag layer. It is found
that AuAg@Ag NS with a Ag layer coated the whole branch has the strongest
SERS performance because the coupling between the tips and Ag layer
is maximized. Meanwhile, as a completely closed core–shell
structure, AuAg@Ag NS can confine and anchor 4-ATP inside the Ag layer
to avoid an unstable SERS signal. By connecting the aptamer, a reliable
internal standard nanoprobe with a SERS enhancement factor (EF) up
to 1.86 × 108 is prepared. Okada acid is detected
through competitive adsorption of this SERS probes, and the detection
limit is 36.6 pM. The results gain fundamental insights into tailoring
the nanoparticle morphologies and preparation of internal standard
nanoprobes and also provide a promising avenue for marine toxin detection
in food safety.