Polyethylenimine-Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes/Glassy Carbon Electrode as an Efficient Sensing Platform for Promethazine

Abstract

A sensor based on polyethylenimine-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes/glassy carbon electrode (fMWCNT-PEI/GCE) was developed for promethazine hydrochloride (PMZ) detection in pharmaceutical samples. PMZ is oxidized at the modified electrode at more negative potentials and with higher sensitivity than at the bare electrode. The morphological characterization of the sensor surface showed a homogeneous layer with size distribution of the diameters of the PEI-fMWCNT ranging from 22-47 nm. The characterization of the electrochemical behavior suggested that an equal number of electrons and protons participate in the PMZ irreversible oxidation on the fMWCNT-PEI/GCE. The optimized conditions were Sörensen buffer at pH 2.0, frequency of 90 s −1 , amplitude of the pulse of 40 mV, and height of the potential step of 2 mV. Based on the most sensitive peak, at ca. −0.75 V, which is related to the formation of the phenazothiazonium ion, the PMZ calibration curve was obtained with sensitivity of 3.21 × 10 −3 A mol −1 l, a linearity range of 4.97 × 10 −7 to 5.03 × 10 −6 mol l −1 , and a detection limit of 2.31 × 10 −7 mol −1 l. This methodology was successfully validated in pharmaceutical samples by comparison with the standard method of the Pharmacopoeia, showing high potential applicability of the fMWCNT-PEI/GCE.

Polyethyleneimine-Functionalized Carbon Nanotube/Graphene Oxide Composite: A Novel Sensing Platform for Pb(II) Acetate in Aqueous Solution

“…22 Polyethyleneimine-functionalized carbon nanotubes (PEI-CNTs) have shown efficiency in technological applications such as solar cells, 23 removal of pollutants, 24 and an excellent electrochemical sensing platform for silver nanoparticles, 25 chromium ions, 26 and promethazine hydrochloride. 27 Nevertheless, it has been little explored for detecting heavy metal ions and even less regarding the PEI-CNT/GO composites. In particular, Huang et al reported an electrochemical sensor using a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with three-dimensional GO-CNT hybrid nanocomposite for the simultaneous detection of Pb 2+ and Cd 2+ ions using anodic stripping voltammetry.…”

“…Besides, PEI is widely known for its chelating metal properties; after the functionalization of CNTs with PEI, it allows the possibility of introducing active sites in CNTs for heavy metal adsorption . Polyethyleneimine-functionalized carbon nanotubes (PEI-CNTs) have shown efficiency in technological applications such as solar cells, removal of pollutants, and an excellent electrochemical sensing platform for silver nanoparticles, chromium ions, and promethazine hydrochloride . Nevertheless, it has been little explored for detecting heavy metal ions and even less regarding the PEI-CNT/GO composites.…”

Engineering Layered Nanostructures of Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides with CeO2 for Nano-Level Detection of Promethazine Hydrochloride

“…27 A study on promethazine hydrochloride (PZC) is aimed at as a drug being used in large quantities. 28 PZC is a phenothiazine group of drugs implied for treating problems like nausea, vomiting, motion sickness etc. 29 These problems are cured by the action of PZC acting as receptor antagonist of mACh receptor further leading to blockage of acetylcholine action mechanism over receptors and reducing these causes.…”

Electrochemically Oxidized Porous Silicon Uses as an Electrochemical Sensor for Ethanol Detection

“…Beside, previous electrochemical sensors use graphite or glassy carbon as support for electrode materials in the molecular detection and also require a polymer binder to prevent the electrode material from falling off. 17,18 So, there is a possibility to limit the contact area between the electrode and active material. Consequently, it causes of lower sensitivity and less stability of the sensors.…”