Polygon pattern geomorphometry on Svalbard (Norway) and western Utopia Planitia (Mars) using high-resolution stereo remote-sensing data

Abstract

Polygonal systems formed by thermal contraction cracking are complex landscape features widespread in terrestrial periglacial regions. The manner in which cracking occurs is controlled by various environmental factors and determines dimension, shape, and orientation of polygons. Analogous small-scale features are ubiquitous in Martian mid-and high-latitudes, and they are also inferred to originate from thermal contraction cracking. We studied the geomorphometry of polygonally-patterned ground on Svalbard to draw a terrestrial analogy to small-scale polygonal structures in scalloped terrain in Martian mid-latitudes. We performed a comparative quantitative terrain analysis based on high-resolution stereo remote-sensing data (HRSC-AX and HiRISE) in combination with terrestrial field data and multivariate statistics to determine the relationship of polygon geomorphometry to local environmental conditions. Results show that polygonal structures on Svalbard and in Utopia Planitia on Mars are similar with respect to their size and shape. A comparable thermal contraction cracking genesis is likely. Polygon evolution, however, is strongly related to regional and local landscape dynamics. Individual polygon dimensions and orthogonality vary according to age, thermal contraction cracking activity, and local subsurface conditions. Based on these findings, the effects of specific past and current environmental conditions on polygon formation on Mars must be considered. On both Earth and Mars, the smallest polygons represent young, recently-active low-centered polygons that formed in fine-grained ice-rich material. Small, low-centered Martian polygons show the closest analogy to terrestrial low-centered ice-wedge polygons. The formation of composite wedges could have occurred as a result of local geomorphological conditions during past Martian orbital configurations. Larger polygons reflect past climate conditions on both Earth and Mars. The present degradation of these polygons depends on relief and topographical situation. On Svalbard the thawing of ice wedges degrades high-centered polygons; in contrast, the present appearance of polygons in Utopia Planitia is primarily the result of contemporary dry degradation processes.

Volcanic terrain and the possible periglacial formation of “excess ice” at the mid-latitudes of Utopia Planitia, Mars

“…The suite of putative periglacial-landforms (PPLs) comprises: (a) small-sized (≤50 m) and non-sorted polygonally-patterned ground (Mellon, 1997;Seibert and Kargel, 2001;Morgenstern et al, 2007;Soare et al, 2008Soare et al, , 2012bSoare and Osinski, 2009;Lefort et al, 2009;Levy et al, 2009aLevy et al, , 2009bHauber et al, 2011;Ulrich et al, 2011); (b) multi-metre scale polygon-junction and margin pits (Wan Bun Tseung and Soare, 2006;Morgenstern et al, 2007;Séjourné et al, 2010); and, (c) scalloped depressions that are rimless, flat-floored, metres to decametres deep and metres to kilometres in their long axes (Costard and Kargel, 1995;Morgenstern et al, 2007;Soare et al, 2007Soare et al, , 2008Soare et al, , 2011Lefort et al, 2009;Ulrich et al, 2010;Séjourné et al, 2011Séjourné et al, , 2012.…”

Evolving fracture patterns: columnar joints, mud cracks and polygonal terrain

“…Large datasets have been collected for sites on the Earth and Mars [38][39][40][41]. These data have been used to demonstrate that polygonal terrain shows some statistical trends that are also found in foam networks [40] and that the vertex positions contain spatial correlations [39].…”

Sedimentological characteristics of ice-wedge polygon terrain in Adventdalen (Svalbard) – environmental and climatic implications for the late Holocene

“…Aeolian sediments cover the lowest glaciofluvial terraces of Adventelva (Fig. 1), where ice-wedge polygonal networks are a highly common form of patterned ground (Sørbel and Tolgensbakk, 2002;Ulrich et al, 2011;Pina, 2014). Here, the thermalcontraction cracking of the ground is responsible for the formation of ice-wedge polygonal networks.…”