Polylactic acid/ethylene glycol triblock copolymer as novel crosslinker for epoxidized natural rubber

Nguyen, Thai Hoang; Tangboriboonrat, Pramuan; Rattanasom, Nittaya; Petchsuk, Atitsa; Opaprakasit, Mantana; Thammawong, C.; Opaprakasit, Pakorn

doi:10.1002/app.35088

Cited by 14 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…It was noteworthy that the tensile strength of SLE40 was still slightly lower than that of the sulfur‐vulcanized ENR, although it was reinforced by the loading of lignin. However, this strength was much better than that of other acid‐cured, amine‐cured, or polymer‐cured ENR systems, as shown in Table . Moreover, for the same volumes of rubber products, the usage amount of the ENR matrix could be substantially reduced by filling such a large amount of lignin.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…However, compared with its native natural rubber counterpart, ENR exhibits various additional advantages, such as a good oil resistance, low gas permeability, good adhesive ability, and enhanced compatibility . In addition, the epoxy groups of ENR are randomly distributed along the polymer backbone and can readily react with many nucleophilic reagents for further modification or crosslinking . Previous studies have shown that ENR can be crosslinked by difunctional or multifunctional amines or acids via the ring opening of the epoxy groups in the presence of catalysts (phenol or bisphenol A for amines and imidazole for acids) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Self‐crosslinkable lignin/epoxidized natural rubber composites

Jiang

Yao

et al. 2014

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Self-crosslinkable lignin/epoxidized natural rubber composites (SLEs) were prepared through a high-temperature dynamic heat treatment procedure followed by a postcuring process. Because of the ring-opening reaction between lignin and epoxidized natural rubber (ENR), lignin as a crosslinker and reinforcing filler was uniformly dispersed into the ENR matrix and was highly compatible with the polymer matrix; this was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. The curing behavior, mechanical properties, and dynamic mechanical properties of the SLEs were studied. The results show that the crosslinking degree, glass-transition temperature, modulus, and tensile properties of the SLEs substantially increased with the addition of lignin. A physical model was used to verify the strong interactions between lignin and ENR. Stress-strain curves and X-ray diffraction suggested that the reinforcement effect on the SLEs mainly originated from lignin itself rather than from strain-induced crystallization.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self‐crosslinkable lignin/epoxidized natural rubber composites

Jiang

Yao

et al. 2014

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…Epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) is one modified natural rubber with a random distribution of epoxy groups along with the polymer backbone . These epoxy groups in ENR are readily reacted with nucleophilic reagents, which impart ENR the miscibility with other polymer or active fillers by reactive compatibilization. In our previous study, self‐crosslinked and self‐reinforced lignin/ENR composites were prepared via the ring opening reaction between the hydroxyl groups of lignin and epoxy groups of ENR .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In situ dispersion and compatibilization of lignin/epoxidized natural rubber composites: reactivity, morphology and property

Jiang

Yao

et al. 2015

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Lignin, a naturally occurring polymer, was viewed as a potential substitute of carbon black for reinforcing rubber materials. However, it shows no reinforcing effect if directly mixed with rubber. In this study, lignin was in situ dispersed at submicrometer size and highly compatible with epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) by using a high-temperature dynamic heat treatment (HTDHT). Rheology analysis indicated that the ring opening reaction between lignin and ENR occurred at 160 C or above, which was further confirmed by infrared spectroscopy. Due to the consumption of acidic groups of lignin by ENR, the retardant vulcanization effect of lignin was weakened. Morphology observation and dynamic mechanical analysis demonstrated the perfect lignin dispersion and the strong interactions between lignin and ENR. The mechanical properties of the lignin/ENR composites were significantly improved by using HTDHT. Compared to the directly mixed rubber composites, the tensile strength and tear strength of the heat treated rubber composites filled with 40 phr lignin were increased by 114% and 23%, respectively. Especially, the 300% modulus of the heat treated rubber composite was increased by ca. 400%. X-ray diffraction results indicated that the reinforcement of the composites originated from the presence of lignin rather than the strain-induced crystallization of ENR.

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“…The modification of NR with a random distribution of epoxy groups together with a polymer backbone forms ENR (Pire et al, 2011). The existence of these epoxy groups imparts ENR with miscibility with other polymers (Narathichat et al, 2012) or active fillers (Sengloyluan et al, 2014) through reactive compatibilization as they are reacted with nucleophilic reagents (Chang et al, 2007;Nguyen et al, 2012;Zhang et al, 2012).…”

Section: Rubber Matrixmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lignin as Alternative Reinforcing Filler in the Rubber Industry: A Review

et al. 2020

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Lignin has potential as a reinforcing filler and to become an alternative to carbon black in the rubber industry. This is because it is formed from cheaper materials with abundant annually renewable sources and has low weight, high biological efficiency, and wide ecological adaptability. The utilization of bio-filler in the rubber industry has garnered increasing attention from researchers due to increasing environmental concerns over the toxic effects of carbon black on health and the environment. This article is intended to summarize current efforts in the development of a green and sustainable rubber product. Instead of focusing on silica and alternative rubber matrix-like guayule and Russian dandelion, it looks at lignin, which also has potential as a reinforcing filler and can enable the development of competitive green rubber composites. Lignin has several special characteristics such as good mechanical, physico-chemical, biodegradability, and antioxidant properties and excellent thermal stability. However, the incorporation of lignin in a rubber matrix is not straightforward, and this needs to be overcome with certain suitable solutions because of the polarity of lignin molecules, which contributes to strong self-interactions. Consequently, chemical modification of lignin is often used to improve the dispersion of lignin in elastomers, or a compatibilizer is added to enhance interfacial adhesion between lignin and the rubber matrix. This review attempts to compile relevant knowledge about the performance of lignin-filled rubber composite using different approaches such as mixing method, surface modification, hybrid fillers, etc. This study is expected to gain significant interest from researchers globally on the subject of lignin-based rubber composites and the advancement of development in green rubber products.

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Polylactic acid/ethylene glycol triblock copolymer as novel crosslinker for epoxidized natural rubber

Cited by 14 publications

References 41 publications

Self‐crosslinkable lignin/epoxidized natural rubber composites

Self‐crosslinkable lignin/epoxidized natural rubber composites

In situ dispersion and compatibilization of lignin/epoxidized natural rubber composites: reactivity, morphology and property

Lignin as Alternative Reinforcing Filler in the Rubber Industry: A Review

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