Polylactic acid/kenaf cellulose biocomposite filaments for melt extrusion based-3D printing

Abstract

This study fabricated polylactic acid (PLA)/kenaf cellulose ber biocomposite laments via meltextrusion process. Kenaf cellulose bers (KF) were chemically extracted from locally grown kenaf plants and used as reinforcement. Moreover, the KF was then treated with tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), socalled KFs, to improve the compatibility between the bers and PLA matrix. Also, the plasticizers (polyethylene glycol) were incorporated to enhance the owability and processability of the biocomposites. The melt viscosities of the biocomposites increased as the solid KF and KFs were loaded. However, they were signi cantly decreased with the addition of plasticizers. The combined use of the plasticizers and TEOS treatment improved tensile strength, Young's modulus and elongation of the biocomposites compared to the neat PLA. The obtained PLA/KFs biocomposite materials are proved to be a mechanical-improved material, which offers the opportunity for customized and rapid prototyping of biocomposite products.

Upcycling of Spent Tea Leaves and Spent Coffee Grounds into Sustainable 3D-Printing Materials: Natural Plasticization and Low-Energy Fabrication

“…While the literature individually discussed the impacts of lignocellulosic biomass fillers or the biomass-extracted cellulose and derivatives, the performance discrepancy between the two types is not sufficiently understood. Recent studies have seen 20–30% higher tensile strength in 15% sugar cane bagasse fiber/PLA and 20% bamboo fiber/PLA composites, compared to those containing raw biomass without alkaline treatment, which was attributed to the increased contact area, defect removal, and modified fiber surface. , Herein, we observe up to a 2-fold increase in the tensile strength when replacing SCG or STL by commercial cellulose (MCC, CF; 20 wt % loading; Figure ).…”

“…To study the biomass-PLA interactions, selected filament samples were analyzed by 13 C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (TG-FTIR) was performed for biomass samples and blended biomass−PLA mixtures to examine the compositional changes with increasing temperature.…”

“…10 Nevertheless, neither of these arguments alone can explain the diverse observations in the literature. Previous studies reported that 3% coffee silverskin-derived cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) 11 and 20% alkaline-treated bamboo fiber 12 in PLA matrix showed enhanced tensile strength, whereas the addition of 5−10% Kenaf cellulose fiber, 13 sugar cane bagasse fiber, 10 or spent coffee grounds 14 weakened the PLA composites. Those diverse findings point to the lack of a self-contained interpretation of biomass filler effects, which remain as a knowledge gap that limits biomass use in FDM applications.…”

Hemp Stem Epidermis and Cuticle: From Waste to Starter in Bio-Based Material Development

“…In addition, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved it as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for food and pharmaceutical products. However, its low opacity, limited toughness, and thermal and mechanical features require the addition of reinforcement materials able to overcome these shortcomings [ 47 , 48 ].…”

Three-Dimensional Printing of Lignocellulose Structures: Improving Mechanical Properties and Shape Fidelity

“…In FDM, thermoplastic filaments of polycarbonates, polylactic acid, and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene melt at the nozzle into a semiliquid state and are extruded in a layerwise pattern to fabricate 3D structures. 8,9 In contrast, EP techniques can print precisely various materials, including thermosets and highly viscous wood-derived polymers such as nanocellulose under ambient conditions in a layerwise pattern. 10 Due to the current climate change, people pay attention to using environmentally friendly materials that mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.…”