Polylysine coated bacterial cellulose nanofibers as novel templates for bone-like apatite deposition

Abstract

The study on bacterial cellulose (BC) nanofibers used as templates for hydroxylapatite (HAp) deposition has been investigated by our group and many other researchers. However, BC is only microscopically similar to natural collagen but not molecular structure. If protein could be introduced to the surfaces of BC nanofibers, the BC nanofibers could mimic the natural collagen fibers in terms of both shape and molecular structure. In this work, our latest results concerning the preparation of polylysine (PLL) coated BC nanofibers are reported. It is found that the e-polylysine (PLL), a natural coming peptide, was introduced to the surfaces of BC nanofibers via crosslinking method by using procyanidins as crosslinker. The bioactivity of PLL coated BC nanofibers was demonstrated by the bone-like HAp deposition throughout the scaffold in a simulated body fluid (SBF). To initiate mineralization the PLL coated BC nanofibers were immersed in 1.5 times simulated body fluids (1.5 SBF) at 37°C for 7 days. The deposited minerals on the nanofiber surfaces were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). These PLL coated BC nanofibers were proved to act as nano templates to induce the formation of nano-sized platelet-like, calcium-deficient, B-type carbonated HAp of which the features was closed to those of biological apatite.

Bacterial cellulose as a material for wound treatment: Properties and modifications. A review

“…collagen) (Saska et al, 2012) Ethyl-, propyl-, i-propyl-, nbutyl BC derivatives with better solubility in low polar solvents (Lin et al, 2013b) Improved water solubility (Geyer et al, 1994) Improved protein adsorption (Lin et al, 2015) Hydrophobizat ion of BC surface Active site for further modifications Carbon reactivity: C(6)>>C (2) (Luo et al, 2014b) Shaking conditions result in thinner and longer BC fibers (Mohite and Patil, 2014) 50% loss in fiber diameter (Grande et al, 2009a) Increased microfibril diameter (Ha et al, 2011) Composite with suitable electrical properties (Luo et al, 2014a) Scaffold with improved biocompatibility for bone regeneration (Grande et al, 2009a) Material adsorbent for heavy metals Material with high efficiency in wound healing (Wiegand et al, 2006) Promising material for wound healing therapy (Fu et al, 2014;Phisalaphong and Jatupaiboon, 2008) Composites with great antimicrobial activity ( grafting of methyl terminated octadecyltrichlorosilane (Taokaew et al, 2015) grafting of amine terminated 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (Taokaew et al, 2015) RGD peptides:  Attachment through cellulose binding modules )  Attachment through xyloglucan binding modules IKVAV peptide sequence:  Attachment through carbohydrate binding modules (Pertile et al, 2012) ɛ-Polylysine:  Penetration of a solution into the BC matrix followed by crosslinking with procyanidins (Gao et al, 2011) Poly-L-lysine hydrobromide:  Penetration of a solution into the BC matrix (Culebras et al, 2015) Macrophagestimulating protein:  Penetration of a solution into the BC matrix (Zhao et al, 2015) Silk fibroin:  Penetration of a solution into the BC matrix (Olivera Barud et al, 2015) Growth factors:  Penetration of a solution into the BC matrix Shi et al, 2012b) Collagen:  Penetration of a solution into the BC matrix Culebras et al, 2015)<...>…”

“…Polylysine (PLL) incorporated onto BC nanofibers resulted in formation of novel fibers having similarities with collagen in terms of shape and molecular structure. Further impregnated with hydroxyapatite, BC/PLL fibers are believed to be a promising material for bone tissue replacement (Gao et al, 2011). Silk fibroin, a natural polymer consisting of two polypeptide chains is a material widely used in various medical fields .…”

Enzyme immobilisation on poly-l-lysine-containing calcium phosphate particles for highly sensitive glucose detection

“…30 Gao et al reported that poly-3-lysine was introduced to the surface of bacterial cellulose nanobers via crosslinking for bone-like apatite deposition, and its nanocomposites were expected to be adapted for applications in bone tissue engineering. 31 Ding et al synthesised poly-L-lysine/HAp/carbon nanotube hybrid biocomposite scaffolds for antibody immobilisation. 32 Thus, it can be considered that these biopolymer-hydroxyapatite composites, especially poly-3-lysine, can nd wide applications.…”

Current Trends in the Production of Cellulose Nanoparticles and Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications

“…BC cross-linked with heparin is able to prevent the formation of blood clots [156]. A natural peptide called as polylysine (PLL) has been cross-linked to the surface of BC resembling the collagen fibers and composition of natural bone [157].…”