Polymer based electricity generation inspired by eel electrocytes

Abstract

Electricity-generating devices are among the most popular recent topics due to increasing global energy requirements, which have propelled many researchers to investigate different approaches. One approach involves electroreceptive animals. In this regard, we proposed a polymer-based energy generator converting Gibbs free energy into usable electricity. We developed a polymer-based device inspired by electric eels and modified it to extend the maximum power generation limits by adding nickel-nickel and aluminumcopper current collector (CC) backings. Thus, the imitation of electrocytes and the aims to increase the voltage, which was generated by taking advantage of electrochemical reactions between metals and polymers, were successfully achieved. In each tetrameric package ($ 0:8 cm 3 ) supported by nickel-nickel CCs, the voltage output was more than 350 mV, while tetrameric cells with copper-aluminum CC pairs led to an open-circuit voltage of more than 900 mV. The conversion of free energy into electricity is attributed to the electricity generation of cells supported by the Ni-Ni CC pair to the ion gradient between the layers, as in electrocyte. In the case of using Cu-Al CCs, electrochemical reactions between the supporting metals and polymers are prominent. The generation of such high voltages is due to the ion concentration gradient and electrochemical interactions. Only slight changes in the output voltage value related to the corrosion on the aluminum CC in time provide a distinctive advantage for long-term power needs. Thus, it can be stated that this bioinspired energy-generating device offers the potential for eventually becoming a power source for small-scale electrical systems and for fulfilling daily personal energy needs.

Consecutive multimaterial printing of biomimetic ionic hydrogel power sources with high flexibility and stretchability

“…2n , the semicircle of the Nyquist plots of the consecutively-printed power source unit was much smaller than that of the manually-stacked power source unit, indicating reduced charge transfer resistance at the interface region (Supplementary Fig. 5 ) 22 , 23 . This might be mainly attributed to the tightly-bonded and seamless interface between the adjacent hydrogel compositions achieved by the consecutively multimaterial printing technique.…”