Polymer‐Based Mechanochromic Composite Material Using Encapsulated Systems

Abstract

materials for the food, medical supply, and pharmaceutical industries). [5,6] Conformational changes of polymer chains, cleavage of labile bonds, or dispersion of dye aggregates embedded in polymer matrices are the different mechanisms that have been developed to impart mechanochromism into polymeric materials. [7] Early developments in this field exploited conjugated building blocks to induce a change of absorption and/or emission characteristics as a result of a conformational shift within the dyes' morphology. [8,9] Later strategies relied on the covalent incorporation of chemical motifs, called mechanophores that carry mechanically labile bonds able to, reversibly or irreversibly, cleave upon mechanical activation. During this process, the mechanical forces applied to the material transduce to the chemical motif and convert into chemical reactions leading to optical changes. This approach has been widely employed to access a plethora of mechanochromic systems and has been exploited for a broad range of polymeric materials. [10-12] However, the covalent attachment of chromophores to macromolecules is not a straightforward task and can require significant synthetic efforts. Furthermore, most of the reported chromic responses are not solely activated by mechanical stimulation but can also be triggered by other stimuli such as heat or light. [13,14] The mechanically induced dispersion of aggregachromic chromophores, i.e., molecules that change their optical properties through the disruption of their intermolecular aggregates within the matrix, have been exploited as an alternative to impart mechanochromic properties into materials. [15-17] However, while this strategy has the advantage of simplified synthesis and potential for scalability, its applicability is still restricted to a limited number of matrices. Note that for all the systems described above, it is in general difficult to achieve a mechanochromic response in rigid polymers due to a reduced stress transfer efficiency. Although these enumerated approaches have led to the development of numerous materials enabling a chromogenic signal upon mechanical activation, the design of an efficient mechanochromic material that can be obtained through only a few synthetic steps and is applicable to a broad range of matrices is currently an attractive target. A recent approach relies on the encapsulation of dye solutions into containers that upon mechanical stimulation rupture and release a payload within the material. During the The development of mechanochromic or self-reporting polymers that can indicate damage or fatigue of materials with an optical signal has become of paramount interest to ensure the reliability of the materials and prevent catastrophic failure. This technology can potentially find usefulness for various applications, including in situ monitoring of mechanical events and structural health monitoring systems. An emerging and versatile approach to achieve mechanochromic properties relies on the encapsulation of dye solutions that can be release...

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