Polymer-Based Nanoparticle Strategies for Insulin Delivery

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic illness estimated to have affected 451 million individuals to date, with this number expected to significantly rise in the coming years. There are two main classes of this disease, namely type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Insulin therapy is pivotal in the management of diabetes, with diabetic individuals taking multiple daily insulin injections. However, the mode of administration has numerous drawbacks, resulting in poor patient compliance. In order to optimize insulin therapy, novel drug delivery systems (DDSes) have been suggested, and alternative routes of administration have been investigated. A novel aspect in the field of drug delivery was brought about by the coalescence of polymeric science and nanotechnology. In addition to polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs), insulin DDSes can incorporate the use of nanoplatforms/carriers. A combination of these systems can bring about novel formulations and lead to significant improvements in the drug delivery system (DDS) with regard to therapeutic efficacy, bioavailability, increased half-life, improved transport through physical and chemical barriers, and controlled drug delivery. This review will discuss how recent developments in polymer chemistry and nanotechnology have been employed in a multitude of platforms as well as in administration routes for the safe and efficient delivery of insulin for the treatment of DM.

Antidiabetic effects of novel ellagic acid nanoformulation: Insulin-secreting and anti-apoptosis effects

“…From the present study, it appears that Ella NPs alone or combined with metformin could be more efficient than Ella itself, and this may be attributed to the protection of Ella NPs from GI degradation and sustained release of encapsulated drug in the circulation, resulting in improved bioavailability ( Bhardwaj et al, 2006 , Patra et al, 1007 ). In addition, nanoformulations could help in ameliorating bioavailability and biocompatibility issues, while preserving the therapeutic effectiveness of the medicine ( Mansoor et al, 2019 ). In an earlier study, a blood-hypoglycemic effect of Ella in the STZ-induced diabetes model in rats was found, although the Ella doses used were approximately 5 and 10 times those used in the current study ( Fatima et al, 2017 , Malini et al, 2011 ).…”

Smart Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications—A Review

“…A pH change in the environment is caused by glucose oxidation to gluconic acid. The response to the pH change is a volume transition of the polymer, and in this manner, the body's glucose level is driven by conformational polymer changes [115]. Some authors synthesized acetalated dextran nanoparticles or acryloyl cross-linked dextran dialdehyde (ACDD) nanocarriers containing enzymes and insulin to facilitate glucose-sensitive release [103,116].…”

Nanotechnological strategies for systemic microbial infections treatment: A review

“…Chitosan, albumin, alginate, hyaluronic acid, collagen and gelatin are the most commonly used natural polymers. Similarly, glycolic acid (PGA), poly-ɛ-Caprolactone (PCL), poly (lactic acid) (PLA) are some of the widely used synthetic polymers ( Mahmoudi Saber, 2019 , Mansoor et al, 2019 ).…”