Polymer-based smart composites and/or nanocomposites for optical, optoelectronic, and energy applications: A brief introduction

Innovations in the Design and Application of Stimuli-Responsive Restorative Dental Polymers

“…Similar to other field-responsive systems, polymers sensitive to an electric field exhibit changes in size or shape in response to the applied field [ 19 , 20 ]. These electro-responsive systems can be broadly categorized into two types: ionic or dielectric electro-responsive materials.…”

“…These electro-responsive systems can be broadly categorized into two types: ionic or dielectric electro-responsive materials. Ionic systems rely on the mobility of free ions under the influence of the electric field, leading to changes in the local concentration of ions and the subsequent creation of an electric field [ 19 , 20 ]. Generally, these systems operate in wet conditions, require low actuation voltages, and exhibit low deformation rates during slow response [ 19 , 20 ].…”

“…Ionic systems rely on the mobility of free ions under the influence of the electric field, leading to changes in the local concentration of ions and the subsequent creation of an electric field [ 19 , 20 ]. Generally, these systems operate in wet conditions, require low actuation voltages, and exhibit low deformation rates during slow response [ 19 , 20 ]. On the other hand, dielectric systems operate based on the electrostatic or Coulombic forces generated between electrodes to induce the formation of an electric field [ 19 , 20 ].…”

“…Generally, these systems operate in wet conditions, require low actuation voltages, and exhibit low deformation rates during slow response [ 19 , 20 ]. On the other hand, dielectric systems operate based on the electrostatic or Coulombic forces generated between electrodes to induce the formation of an electric field [ 19 , 20 ]. These systems are designed to function in dry conditions, require high activation fields, and demonstrate high deformation rates during fast response [ 19 , 20 ].…”