Polymer Cold-Flow Improvers for Biodiesel

Nifant’ev, Ilya E.; Ivchenko, Pavel V.

doi:10.3390/polym13101580

Cited by 16 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 147 publications

(241 reference statements)

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“…Lastly, the cold filter plugging point is defined as the ability of specific oil volume to pass through particular wired mesh during given time. All the three characteristics of cold-flow properties are usually measured based on standardized methods of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), e.g., ASTM D2500, ASTM D97, and ASTM D6371 for CP, PP, and CFPP, respectively [ 26 , 90 ].…”

Section: Cold-flow Improversmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, they catalyze the esterification and transesterification reactions during production line of biodiesel fuel [ 9 , 10 , 23 , 24 , 25 ]. Beside catalysis, polymers were used as additives to improve the cold-flow properties and enhance the fuel performance [ 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ]. Moreover, stable polymers were investigated as storage containers and auto parts in direct contact with biodiesel [ 17 , 31 , 32 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Utilization of Polymeric Materials toward Sustainable Biodiesel Industry: A Recent Review

2022

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The biodiesel industry is expanding rapidly in accordance with the high energy demand and environmental deterioration related to the combustion of fossil fuel. However, poor physicochemical properties and the malperformance of biodiesel fuel still concern the researchers. In this flow, polymers were introduced in biodiesel industry to overcome such drawbacks. This paper reviewed the current utilizations of polymers in biodiesel industry. Hence, four utilizing approaches were discussed, namely polymeric biodiesel, polymeric catalysts, cold-flow improvers (CFIs), and stabilized exposure materials. Hydroxyalkanoates methyl ester (HAME) and hydroxybutyrate methyl ester (HBME) are known as polymeric biodiesel sourced from carbon-enriched polymers with the help of microbial activity. Based on the literature, the highest HBME yield was 70.7% obtained at 10% H2SO4 ratio in methanol, 67 °C, and 50 h. With increasing time to 60 h, HAME highest yield was reported as 68%. In addition, polymers offer wide range of esterification/transesterification catalysts. Based on the source, this review classified polymeric catalysts as chemically, naturally, and waste derived polymeric catalysts. Those catalysts proved efficiency, non-toxicity, economic feasibility, and reusability till the 10th cycle for some polymeric composites. Besides catalysis, polymers proved efficiency to enhance the biodiesel flow-properties. The best effect reported in this review was an 11 °C reduction for the pour point (PP) of canola biodiesel at 1 wt% of ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymers and cold filter plugging point (CFPP) of B20 waste oil biodiesel at 0.08 wt% of EVA copolymer. Polymeric CFIs have the capability to modify biodiesel agglomeration and facilitate flowing. Lastly, polymers are utilized for storage tanks and auto parts products in direct contact with biodiesel. This approach is completely exclusive for polymers that showed stability toward biodiesel exposure, such as polyoxymethylene (POM) that showed insignificant change during static immersion test for 98 days at 55 °C. Indeed, the introduction of polymers has expanded in the biodiesel industry to promote green chemistry.

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Section: Cold-flow Improversmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Utilization of Polymeric Materials toward Sustainable Biodiesel Industry: A Recent Review

2022

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“…Experts widely accept that the most promising method to improve the economics and safety of pipeline transportation is to add PPD to crude oil. − The most common types of PPDs can be categorized as ethylene copolymers, comb-shaped polymers, maleic anhydride-based copolymers, and nanoheterogeneous and biological treatments. , During pipeline transportation, PPDs can improve the morphology, size, and aggregation of wax crystals, which precipitate from waxy crude oil at low temperatures and inhibit the tendency of wax crystals to form spatial network structures . The interactions between PPDs and paraffin can be described as nucleation, adsorption, cocrystallization, and improved wax dispersion .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Continuous Addition Terpolymerization of Maleic Anhydride, Octadecyl Acrylate, and Docosyl Acrylate: Experimenting the Terpolymers as Pour Point Depressants for Waxy Crude Oils

Fang

et al. 2023

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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Owing to their large specific surface areas and excellent heat and mass transfer compared with those of conventional batch reactors, microreactors have been widely used in chemical industries. In this study, a strategy is proposed for precisely controlling the synthesis of comb-type terpolymers in a microreactor. Poly(octadecyl acrylate− docosyl acrylate−maleic anhydride) was investigated as a pour point depressant (PPD) for waxy crude oils. A terpolymer showing a high weight-average molecular weight (M w ) and low polydispersity index (PDI) was synthesized within 5 min compared with a conventional time-consuming batch reaction. Under the optimal conditions, the M w of the terpolymer reached 3.7 × 10 4 , and the PDI was 1.42. Notably, the pour point of the crude oil was reduced by 8 K at a PPD dosage of 1300 ppm. The polymerization kinetics revealed that the microreactor accelerated the polymerization. In contrast to the batch reactor, the microreactor exhibited better heat transfer, which avoided the generation of hot spots. Furthermore, the calculated Bodenstein number (Bo) revealed that the degrees of plug-flow deviation and backmixing are negatively correlated with the molecular weight distribution.

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“…As the ever‐growing global focus on energy, environment and climate issues, biodiesel manufacture continues to increase rapidly [1] . In 2019, the global biodiesel output reached to 48.0 billion liters [2] . Glycerol is a by‐product of biodiesel manufacture in great quantities, and about 1 ton of glycerol can be produced for every 10 tons of biodiesel [3] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1] In 2019, the global biodiesel output reached to 48.0 billion liters. [2] Glycerol is a by-product of biodiesel manufacture in great quantities, and about 1 ton of glycerol can be produced for every 10 tons of biodiesel. [3] The oversupply of glycerol causes the well-known glycerol glut with drastic drop in price.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glycerol Valorization Towards Glycolic Acid Production Over Cu‐Based Biochar Catalyst

et al. 2022

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Glycerol valorization towards high‐value chemicals is of particular importance to increase the value chain of biodiesel production. In this study, the catalytic activity of a series of cheap Cu‐based catalysts for glycerol conversion is investigated. Cu supported on activated carbon (AC, obtained through carbonization of coconut shell) exhibits outstanding catalytic activity for the selective conversion of glycerol into glycolic acid (GcA) in O2 atmosphere, affording up to 68.3 % GcA yield. The combination of experimental results with theoretical calculations reveals that glyceraldehyde is the key reaction intermediate. The high specific surface area and surface oxygenated groups of AC enable the formation of CuO nanoparticles with small size and uniform dispersion. In addition, the surface oxygen vacancy on Cu/AC might help to activate reaction intermediates, and the electron transfer from Cu to AC facilitates the oxidation of glycerol to GcA. Cu loaded onto AC also significantly inhibits C−C breakage to generate formic acid as a byproduct. This work might aid the development of approaches for glycerol application and afford profitable possibilities for sustainable biodiesel.

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Polymer Cold-Flow Improvers for Biodiesel

Cited by 16 publications

References 147 publications

Utilization of Polymeric Materials toward Sustainable Biodiesel Industry: A Recent Review

Utilization of Polymeric Materials toward Sustainable Biodiesel Industry: A Recent Review

Continuous Addition Terpolymerization of Maleic Anhydride, Octadecyl Acrylate, and Docosyl Acrylate: Experimenting the Terpolymers as Pour Point Depressants for Waxy Crude Oils

Glycerol Valorization Towards Glycolic Acid Production Over Cu‐Based Biochar Catalyst

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