Polymer composite materials based on carbon, basalt, and glass fibres

Abstract

The use of hybrid fillers allows attaining a synergistic effect in spinning polymer composite materials (PCM) with an anisotropic structure and the required properties for their functional application with intercalation technology by varying the CF:BF(GF) ratio. Articles of complex configuration with an isotropic structure and sufficiently high mechanical properties were obtained. The possibility and efficacy of using basalt-filled plastics in different sectors of industry were demonstrated.Intensively developed polymer composite materials (PCM) are used in different sectors of industry and technology. They are not only successfully replacing traditional construction materials but can also work in conditions that exclude use of metals. Carbon fibres are among the most effective and promising reinforcing fibres for creating PCM used in conditions of high loads [1]. However, inorganic fibres are currently used in Russia due to the sharp drop in production of organic and chemical fibres [2] for reinforcing PCM. Basalt fibres are the most promising, since Russia has unlimited basalt reserves ( Fig. 1). There are large deposits of these rocks in the Ural, Kamchatka, Far East, Sakhalin, Kola Peninsula, Northwest Siberia, and the Transcaucasian [3,4].The enormous interest in continuous basalt rock fibres in the work is due to a number of factors;basalt fibres have characteristics which are better than glass fibres and only slightly inferior to carbon fibres on many indexes; the raw material base for production of basalt fibres is accessible and almost unlimited; the technological advances of recent years allowed significantly reducing the cost of production of basalt fibres to the level of production of glass fibres.Glass fibres have certain restrictions with respect to many characteristics: specific strength, temperature of use, chemical resistance, especially in basic media. In production of glass fibre for stock, up to 8-9 chemically pure components are used, including an especially scarce component boron oxide (B 2 O 3 ). Carbon fibres are relatively expensive for mass use in industry and construction. Basalt fibres are optimum with respect to price and quality. There are no alternatives to them in some areas of application.However, manufacture of basalt fibres (BF) is still in the initial stage of development, so that it is expedient to consider use of hybrid fibre fillers [5]. A combination of basalt and glass fibres (GF) with carbon fibres (CF) (120 mm fibre length) is proposed here, which could sharply reduce the cost of carbon-fibre-filled plastics, increase the physicomechanical indexes of hybrid PCM, and given them specific properties. Research on creating high-strength PCM has been conducted in the Department of Chemical Engineering at Saratov Technical University since 1998. Intercalation technology provides for production of basalt-filled plastics with 20-40% higher mechanical and physicochemical properties [6] in comparison to traditional fibreglass-filled plastics. The technology is based on use of the i...

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