Polymer composites as sensing materials for liquid organic solvents – preliminary results

Frąckowiak, Stanisław; Maciejewska, Monika; Szczurek, Andrzej; Kozłowski, Marek

doi:10.1515/epoly.2011.11.1.362

Cited by 4 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…In the case of fiber‐reinforced resin fuel tanks, a test fuel blend of octane, toluene and methanol was found to produce much more swelling, surface crazing, and cracking than the component solvents alone . The microstructure of the composite materials can significantly tune the solvent effects, as it was observed in the case of conducting carbon sensors embedded in polymer matrices, when the trend of variation of the composite conductivity with the composition of swelling solvent blends was inverted according to the level of the electrical percolation point of the material …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Synergistic Sorption of Mixed Solvents in Wood Cell Walls: Experimental and Theoretical Approach

Aguilera-Segura

Bossu

Corn

et al. 2019

Macromolecular Symposia

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The behavior of poplar wood and its components in water‐ethanol mixtures is investigated through a coupled experimental and theoretical approach including physico‐chemical and dynamic mechanical analyses and molecular dynamics simulations. Affinity for water‐ethanol vapors, measured by isothermal gravimetric sorption experiments, features a maximum for mixed vapors. The longitudinal viscoelastic behavior of the same wood upon immersion in ethanol‐water solutions, measured by dynamic mechanical analysis, features a minimum in storage modulus and a maximum damping upon immersion in solutions of intermediate composition. Optical microscopy observation of solvent‐saturated samples evidences inter‐ and intra‐cellular disbonding in pure ethanol and ethanol aqueous solutions. Molecular dynamics simulations provide information on interactions of water‐ethanol solutions with models of cellulose microfibers and lignin. The relative solvation of cellulose microfibers by water and ethanol shows a nearly linear variation with the composition of the solution. In contrast, the accessibility of lignin dimers to the solvent presents a maximum at intermediate ethanol concentrations, in correspondence with a conformational transition of the dimer towards an extended conformation. The modelization of the interactions of cellulose and lignin in water‐ethanol solutions indicates a minimum of adhesion of the two components of wood in the presence of solutions with intermediate concentrations.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Synergistic Sorption of Mixed Solvents in Wood Cell Walls: Experimental and Theoretical Approach

Aguilera-Segura

Bossu

Corn

et al. 2019

Macromolecular Symposia

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“…To obtain a percolation structure with a lower percolation threshold, various methods have been suggested such as double percolation network [15][16][17] and the use of more than two conducting particles. [18][19][20][21][22][23] When a secondary polymer is added to a binary composite system, particles are selectively localized at one of the blend according to the thermodynamic condition in the immiscible blend. If particles are densely packed in one of the two polymer phases or at the interface while the blend forms a continuous morphology, ternary system has double-percolation network structure, further promising to realize conductivity when associated with polymer processing such as foaming.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 8 ] A PLA, polystyrene, and polypropylene (PP) composite filament containing spherical CB (>3 wt%) was used to detect solvents such as xylene, benzene, ethylbenzene, and toluene. [ 19,20 ] PLA was incorporated with a hybrid of particles, specifically iron‐oxide‐decorated cellulose nanocrystals (Fe‐CNC) and an exfoliated GP system, and utilized as an ethanol sensor. [ 21 ] The composite with a very high graphite loading of 60–70 wt% was extruded and printed as an anode material for lithium batteries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variation of the Electrical Conductivity of PLA‐Based Composites with a Hybrid of Graphene and Carbon Black During 3D Printing

Ahn

Kim

Park

et al. 2022

Macro Materials & Eng

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In order to develop conductive-biocompatible 3D parts, poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is mixed with a hybrid of carbon black (CB, 4%) and graphene (GP, 0.1-0.5%) and the change of the particle dispersion under a flow is investigated based on rheological and electrical characterizations. In CB/PLA composite, CB aggregates are rearranged and percolation structure is disrupted under the given flow, resulting in a decrease in the modulus of the composite and lower electrical conductivity. During the 3D printing process, assemblies of CB aggregates do not remain close enough to maintain the percolation structure. When CB/PLA composite is mixed with GP, CB aggregates come into contact with GP aggregates to form percolation, maintaining a durable particle percolation against a flow and realizing electrical conductivity in 3D part. Despite the orientation effect of GP, the presence of GP enhances connectivity between the aggregates under a flow and maintains electrical percolation. A cell viability test of a 3D composite part shows good adsorption and growth of the cell due to the rough surface and biocompatibility of PLA. The addition of CB and GP to PLA improves not only the electrical properties of the 3D printing part but also enhances the cell viability.

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“…Due to the spherical shape of its primary particles, which can form aggregates of different shapes, CB has a much higher percolation threshold to achieve conductive composites, which are a prerequisite for the sensor capability. CB amounts in the range of 4-20 wt% have been reported as the minimum needed to have stable liquid sensing responses in non-fiber shaped composites [29][30][31][32]. In terms of spinnability, such high amounts of filler may significantly difficult the melt-spinning process and, in particular, could cause blockages at the filter and at the cavities inside the die.…”

Section: Nanocomposite Fibers As Sensitive Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, some of them are based on biodegradable polymers which are not durable over extended periods of time, especially when exposed to typical environmental conditions [28,32,33]. Others need a high amount of a conductive fillers to achieve a fair solvent sensitivity or react only slowly and relatively poorly to the presence of liquids [29][30][31].…”

Section: Materials Selection Aspects For Sensingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved sensitivity of liquid sensing melt-spun polymer fibers filled with carbon nanoparticles by considering solvent-polymer solubility parameters

Bautista-Quijano

Brünig

Pötschke

2023

Mater. Res. Express

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The Hansen Solubility Parameters (HSPs) and the Relative Energy Differences (REDs) were used to select suitable polymers to perform sensing experiments of electrically conductive nanocomposites against different solvents to employ such materials for sensor applications. From the solvent-polymer HSPs and their REDs, it was determined that polycarbonate (PC) is a polymer with potential towards high liquid sensitivity for different organic solvents. Furthermore, PC is spinnable and sensing fibers of different diameters can be easily produced. In order to get electrically conductive materials, PC was melt-mixed with carbon nanoparticles such as Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes (MW) and Carbon Black (CB). The materials were then spun into fibers via melt-spinning and evaluated for liquid sensing. It was found that combining MW and CB (50/50 wt%) improved the fiber spinnability and their sensing range in comparison to fibers made of PC and only MW. Liquid sensing evaluations showed that knowing the REDs in advance allows predictions on the ability of nanocomposite fibers to be highly sensitive to specific solvents. From the sensing evaluations it was found that fibers made with hybrid fillers of CB+MW, drawing down ratios of 4 to 12 and filler contents between 3 and 6 wt% showed the best liquid sensing abilities. Depending on the composition and the conditions of fiber production, the maximum values of relative resistance change for fibers with CB+MW were always higher than for fibers containing MW only. Testing for instance butyl acetate as solvent, the fibers with MW+CB achieved values between 600-3200% for long immersion times, while values between 390 and 1200% were obtained for the fibers with only MW. Testing a selected fiber under a simulated leakage scenario and as sheath/core bi-component fiber showed the effectiveness of these fibers working as liquid detector as well as potential for applications beyond single component fiber sensors.

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Polymer composites as sensing materials for liquid organic solvents – preliminary results

Cited by 4 publications

References 11 publications

Synergistic Sorption of Mixed Solvents in Wood Cell Walls: Experimental and Theoretical Approach

Synergistic Sorption of Mixed Solvents in Wood Cell Walls: Experimental and Theoretical Approach

Variation of the Electrical Conductivity of PLA‐Based Composites with a Hybrid of Graphene and Carbon Black During 3D Printing

Improved sensitivity of liquid sensing melt-spun polymer fibers filled with carbon nanoparticles by considering solvent-polymer solubility parameters

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