Polymer foams for personal protection: cushions, shoes and helmets

Mills, N. J.

doi:10.1016/s0266-3538(03)00272-0

Cited by 139 publications

(94 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Helmets) in order to protect against impacts [1]. Following a first elastic stage, a great amount of energy of the impact can be dissipated by foams during the stress plateau [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, energy absorption capacity of foams has been enhanced by using layered [3] or functionally graded [4e6] foams. Several studies have been reported on different kinds of expanded materials such as polyurethane [1], polystyrene [3e5] or syntactic epoxy [6]. Authors of previous studies showed special interest in the use of foams in the area of injury protection and passive safety.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact on multi-layered polypropylene foams

Mahéo

Viot

2013

International Journal of Impact Engineering

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is an open access repository that collects the work of Arts et Métiers ParisTech researchers and makes it freely available over the web where possible. a b s t r a c tFoams, and particularly the polypropylene foam, are more and more often used in the area of injury protection and passive safety for its energy absorption capacity. This multi-scale material is constituted of mesoscopic beads with a large variability of the material properties. To study the effects of these mesoscopic heterogeneities on both the macroscopic and the local behaviors, numerical simulations on virtual volumes of foam under dynamic loading have been performed. The influence of the organized system of heterogeneities has also been studied in the cases of a random distribution and a multi-layered volume. Experimental dynamic compressive tests have been performed on multi-layered volumes of foam and compared with the results of the Finite Element Method.

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“…Helmets) in order to protect against impacts [1]. Following a first elastic stage, a great amount of energy of the impact can be dissipated by foams during the stress plateau [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact on multi-layered polypropylene foams

Mahéo

Viot

2013

International Journal of Impact Engineering

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“…The manufacturer's designations for these foams are Firm, X-Firm and XX-Firm. (These foams are typically used for wheelchair seat cushions, aircraft ejection seats and race-car impact padding [25].) The quasi-static compressive stressÀstrain response of the foams is shown in Figure 2.…”

Section: Materials and Test Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Head injury resulting from blunt impact of vehicle occupants in automobile collisions can be mitigated to some extent through the use of crushable foams [19,25,39]. When the design of the system is constrained by thickness (as it is in automobiles), the optimal performance is obtained when the accelerationÀtime history exhibits a 'top-hat' profile and nearly the full densification strain of the foam is utilised; beyond densification, the acceleration rapidly rises and leads to a significant increase in the likelihood of injury.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A concept for mitigating head injury under translational blunt impact

Nazarian

Begley

Zok

2015

International Journal of Crashworthiness

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This study assesses a bi-layer composite concept for mitigating the severity of injury due to translational blunt impact of an unprotected head at moderately high speeds. The concept comprises crushable foam and a stiff face-sheet on the impacting face. Approximate analytical models for accelerationÀtime histories of prototypical impact scenarios are used to guide the design. The key design variables probed experimentally are the crushing strength of the underlying foam and the tile size. The efficacy of the composite systems and the foams alone is ascertained through a series of drop impact tests with an instrumented head-form at a representative impact velocity (6.7 m/s, 15 mph), using three commercial viscoelastic foams, with and without face-sheets. The measurements are analysed in terms of five performance metrics: the peak acceleration, the Gadd severity index (GSI), the head injury criterion (HIC), the skull fracture correlate (SFC) and the head impact power (HIP). The experiments demonstrate that, with the addition of a face-sheet, each of these metrics can be reduced substantially (by as much as a factor of two) relative to those of the foam alone. The benefits derive from spreading of contact forces over a larger area of foam by the face-sheet.

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“…Their ability to resist to impact and shock, combined with their low density, now make them ideal candidates for passive safety and energy dissipation [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiaxial behavior of foams – Experiments and modeling

Mahéo

Guérard

Rio

et al. 2015

EPJ Web of Conferences

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Abstract. Cellular materials are strongly related to pressure level inside the material. It is therefore important to use experiments which can highlight (i) the pressure-volume behavior, (ii) the shear-shape behavior for different pressure level. Authors propose to use hydrostatic compressive, shear and combined pressure-shear tests to determine cellular materials behavior. Finite Element Modeling must take into account these behavior specificities. Authors chose to use a behavior law with a Hyperelastic, a Viscous and a Hysteretic contributions. Specific developments has been performed on the Hyperelastic one by separating the spherical and the deviatoric part to take into account volume change and shape change characteristics of cellular materials.

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Polymer foams for personal protection: cushions, shoes and helmets

Cited by 139 publications

References 13 publications

Impact on multi-layered polypropylene foams

Impact on multi-layered polypropylene foams

A concept for mitigating head injury under translational blunt impact

Multiaxial behavior of foams – Experiments and modeling

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