Polymer heterogeneity in waterborne coatings

Overbeek, Ad

doi:10.1007/s11998-009-9201-5

Cited by 95 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 99 publications

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“…An important factor in understanding the mechanism of coating failure during weathering is the resistance against internal, hygroscopic and thermal stress (Perera 1996). As waterborne coatings are more permeable to moisture due to their dispersed nature (Nicholson 1993;Overbeek 2010) they are exposed to higher stress levels at the woodcoating interface. An increased water permeability causes a swelling of the coating (de Meijer and Nienhuis 2009) followed by more frequent dimensional changes of the wood substrate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Outdoor weathering performance parameters of exterior wood coating systems on tropical hardwood substrates

et al. 2014

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Wood coating research almost exclusively focuses on softwood as substrate despite the fact that coatings applied on tropical hardwoods show a different weathering behaviour. The objective of this study was to quantify the impact of wood substrate and coating type on the weathering behaviour of finished wooden joinery in outdoor exposure using a set of statistical methods. Therefore, a broad range of white opaque paints and mid-oak semitransparent stains were used. The coatings were industrially applied on window frames made of frequently used commercial tropical hardwood species. The general appearance of the wood/coating systems was assessed visually using a rating scale that takes into account the anatomical characteristics of hardwood. A minimum required exposure time for evaluation of 2.5 years outdoor weathering for joinery in vertical position and facing south-west was determined. At 30 months best performances were recorded for waterborne alkyd primers with an acrylic topcoat when dry coating film was sufficiently thick. The dry layer thickness also affected the impact of the hiding power on the performance of the wood/coating system. Within hardwood species the degradation rate of coatings on species with a fine texture was the lowest. The significant influence of the substrate's texture on the weathering behaviour of coated hardwood stressed the need to evaluate the wood/coating system in total.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Outdoor weathering performance parameters of exterior wood coating systems on tropical hardwood substrates

et al. 2014

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“…The contact angles of B 1 and B 2 are 70. 6 and 76.5 under the same conditions. Due to the smoother and denser network structure of coating film formed by keto-hydrazine crosslinking reaction that creates a three-dimensional network, water molecules cannot easily penetrate and thus the contact angle becomes larger.…”

Section: Contact Angle Analysesmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…To overcome these drawbacks, various crosslinking methods 5 and polymer heterogeneity 6 of latices were developed. The incorporation of crosslinking chemistry is recognized as a particularly effective means to enhance the mechanical strength, chemical stability, and solvent resistance of the coating film.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, to apply the concept of polymer particle heterogeneity is also an effective means to create new and improved materials of polymer latices. 6 For example, by using core-shell particles which have hard domains (formed from a high glass transition temperature (T g ) polymer) and soft domains (formed from a low T g polymer), it is possible to produce binders with a high block resistance and low minimum film-forming temperature (MFFT). 19,20 In this article, the crosslinkable core-shell PAs containing diacetone acrylamide (DAAM) [ Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The diacetone acrylamide crosslinking reaction and its control of core‐shell polyacrylate latices at ambient temperature

Zhang

Liu

Huang

et al. 2011

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Self crosslinkable core-shell polyacrylate latices (PAs) cured at ambient temperature were synthesized by semicontinuous-seeded emulsion polymerization with diacetone acrylamide (DAAM) and adipic dihydrazide (ADH) as crosslinkable monomers. The influences of DAAM monomer mass content, neutralizer, and curing temperature on the properties of self crosslinkable coreshell latices and the keto-hydrazide crosslinking were discussed. The spectroscopic techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and contact angle instruments were used to determine the structure and properties of PAs. The water evaporating rate during the film-forming process of self crosslinkable core-shell latices was also investigated. FTIR analyses demonstrate that the keto-hydrazide crosslinking reaction does not occur in the latex environment but occurs at ambient temperature with the evaporation of water during the film-forming process. The results of DSC show that the core-shell crosslinkable PAs have two glass transition temperatures (T g ), and T g s of crosslinked film are higher than that of non crosslinked fim. Moreover, the keto-hydrazide reaction is found to be acid catalyzed and favored by the loss of water and the simultaneous decrease in pH arising from the evaporation of ammonia or amines during filmforming process. Hence, in the volatile ammonia or amines neutralized latices, the latex pH value adjusted to 7-8, which not only ensure the crosslinkable latex with good storage stability but also obtain a coating film with excellent performances by introducing the keto-hydrazine crosslinking reaction.

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“…11 In addition, even under non-favorable film formation conditions (e.g., low temperature, high humidity, and in thick layer application) the coating system is still expected to deliver the desired performance. 12 Also here coalescents are often used to mitigate such non-favorable conditions. A clever design concept of the binder, e.g., applying multiphase particle technologies in combination with careful control over the coalescent compatibility of the different phases, can make a further reduction of the coalescent level feasible.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preferred partitioning: the influence of coalescents on the build-up of mechanical properties in acrylic core–shell particles (I)

2012

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The partitioning of three coalescents of different polarity in different phases of multiphase acrylic particles was studied to provide a rationale for obtaining the desired performance of binders for wood coatings in terms of the ideal balance between hardness development, blocking resistance, and blushing resistance. Minimum film formation temperature-and aqueous differential scanning calorimetry-measurements on the hard phase polymer by itself showed the different extents to which both hydroplasticization and plasticization by the coalescent occur. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis was subsequently used to visualize wet-T g effects of three different coalescents in the hard and soft polymer phase of these multiphase acrylic particles. The results have important consequences for the formulation of such binders in applications for exterior wood coatings and coatings in general.

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Polymer heterogeneity in waterborne coatings

Cited by 95 publications

References 99 publications

Outdoor weathering performance parameters of exterior wood coating systems on tropical hardwood substrates

Outdoor weathering performance parameters of exterior wood coating systems on tropical hardwood substrates

The diacetone acrylamide crosslinking reaction and its control of core‐shell polyacrylate latices at ambient temperature

Preferred partitioning: the influence of coalescents on the build-up of mechanical properties in acrylic core–shell particles (I)

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