The immobilization of TiO2 nanoparticles on
graphene
acid (GA), a conductive graphene derivative densely functionalized
with COOH groups, is presented. The interaction between the carboxyl
groups of the surface and the titanium precursor leads to a controlled
TiO2 heterogenization on the nanosheet according to microscopic
and spectroscopic characterizations. Electronic communication shared
among graphene and semiconductor nanoparticles shifts the hybrid material
optical features toward less energetic radiation but maintaining the
conductivity. Therefore, GA-TiO2 is employed as heterogeneous
photocatalyst for the synthesis of 2,5-disubstituted 1,3,4-oxadiazoles
using ketoacids and hydrazides as substrates. The material presented
enhanced photoactivity compared to bare TiO2, being able
to yield a large structural variety of oxadiazoles in reaction times
as fast as 1 h with full recyclability and stability. The carbocatalytic
character of GA is the responsible for the substrates condensation
and the GA-TiO2 light interaction ability is able to photocatalyze
the cyclization to the final 1,3,4-oxadiazoles, demonstrating the
optimal performance of this multifunctional photocatalytic material.