“…There are mainly three approaches to immobilize the metal complexes on the supports: (1) the formation of covalent bonds or ion pairing between the support and the complex, (2) absorption or other nonbonding interaction with the support, and (3) encapsulation. Various supports have been used to immobilize the metal complexes, such as polymers, , Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles, alumina, silicates, − zeolites, , and carbon materials. − Compared with the traditional (covalent) bonding immobilization, the noncovalent method is more facile and convenient in catalyst preparation. More importantly, the noncovalent immobilization is expected to be less likely to cause the decrease in catalyst activity as compared with that in the homogeneous system.…”