Polymeric interlayer materials for laminated glass: A review

Martín, Marc; Centelles, Xavier; Solé, Aran; Barreneche, Camila; Fernández, A. Inés; Cabeza, Luisa F.

doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.116897

Cited by 113 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…Table 3 shows a summary of the measured mass of samples before and after the experiments. A notional mass of inter‐layer of 0.146 kg was calculated using the stated density of 1070 kg/m 3 from the inter‐layer manufacturer's data sheet, consistent with that reported by Martín et al, 1 and the calculated volume of inter‐layer as 1.37 × 10 −4 m 3 using the sample area of 300 mm × 300 mm and inter‐layer thickness of 1.52 mm. This inter‐layer equates to approximately 3.2% by mass of the specimens.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

“…When glass breaks it can progressively fracture into large shards or almost instantly shatter into small pieces depending on its type. Laminated glass consists of two or more layers of monolithic glass bonded together with polymer inter‐layers, typically this inter‐layer is ethylene‐vinyl acetate (EVA) or polyvinyl butyral (PVB) although other polymers can be used 1 . Laminated glass is widely used throughout the construction industry.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The performance of laminated glass subjected to constant heat fluxes related to building fires

Rickard¹,

Spearpoint²,

Lay³

2020

Fire and Materials

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Summary A series of six exploratory experiments are presented investigating the behaviour of laminated glass when exposed to radiative heating of 25, 50 and 75 kW/m2. The laminated glass type used is typical of that which might be used in balustrades. Three experiments examined the potential for achieving flaming ignition of the inter‐layer should the glass break. At a radiant heat flux of 25 kW/m2, although the glass did not shatter, piloted ignition of the volatile gases released from the specimen edge was possible. At radiant heat fluxes of 50 and 75 kW/m2, the exposed glass layer shattered after 5 minutes 7 seconds and 2 minutes 24 seconds, respectively, and subsequently there was auto‐ignition of the volatile gases from the inter‐layer. Eventually flames were observed over the whole face of the specimen. Using an average measured mass loss and representative heat of combustion for the inter‐layer result in calculated heat release rates per unit area of 65 to 69 kW/m2. A further three experiments were carried out to examine the potential for the glass layers to separate when heated. Only one layer of glass was supported, and unsupported layer nearest the radiant heat source was observed to slip away from the other layer, exposing the inter‐layer, resulting in ignition and flaming.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The performance of laminated glass subjected to constant heat fluxes related to building fires

Rickard¹,

Spearpoint²,

Lay³

2020

Fire and Materials

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“…The mechanical properties of glass are isotropic linear-elastic and very well known. The interlayer properties have been also widely studied in last decades, as described in the review of (Martín et al 2020). A wide range of material investigations and models for standard polyvinyl butyral (PVB) (Andreozzi et al 2014;Botz et al 2019;Sobek et al 2000), ethylene-vinyl acetate EVA (Hána et al 2019;Schuster et al 2018), polyurethane PU (Scherer et al 2020), thermoplastic polyurethane TPU (Kuntsche 2015;Rühl 2017) and stiff PVB interlayers (Kuntsche 2015) are available for implementation in analytical calculations and numerical simulations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental investigations and numerical simulations of innovative lightweight glass–plastic-composite panels made of thin glass and PMMA

Hänig

Weller

2021

Glass Struct Eng

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Composites are being increasingly used for industrial applications and combine the advantageous properties of two or more constituents. The urge to reduce material to a minimum and the trend towards lightweight glass structures require further developments in high performance and fully transparent composite structures for the building industry. Novel innovative glass–plastic-composite panels combining a lightweight polymer polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) interlayer core and cover layers of thin glass are currently under development. The panels exhibit high structural load-bearing performance, are durable and fully transparent with a low self-weight. These properties make the composite panels suitable for slender and lightweight glass constructions and reveal new design possibilities for the building industry. However, the material properties of the modified PMMA polymer interlayer core for precise design considerations are lacking. Furthermore, the material behaviour of thermoplastic polymers changes over time, ages due to environmental influences and is temperature-dependent. This significantly affects the composite load-bearing behaviour and defines the limits of application for the composite panels in the building industry. In order to facilitate during the development process and to build a design basis for the composite panels, material model parameters and simulation methods are required. Hence, an extensive test programme was conducted to investigate the material properties of the PMMA interlayer core by means of dynamic mechanical thermal analysis as well as uniaxial tensile and creep tests. The dataset and subsequent implementation into finite element software allowed for realistic simulations of the glass–plastic-composite panels and an extension of experimental results. Numerical simulations were performed with the commercial finite element programme ANSYS Workbench 19.3. Additionally, four-point bending tests were performed on composite test specimens with a different build-up and conventional glass panels to validate the material model and finite element simulations. These investigations and adopted material properties formed the basis for a numerical parametric study to evaluate the influence of stiffness, the load-bearing and lightweight performance in different build-ups. All the results are evaluated in detail and discussed in comparison with conventional monolithic and laminated glass panels. The dataset and material model parameters can be applied to further developments and design of lightweight glass–plastic-composite panels for structural applications in the building industry.

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“…[7,9] However, strength and impact resistance of laminated glass is still rather low especially when compared with those of some metals or high performance composites. [8,[10][11][12] Isotropic transparent polymeric materials can reach similar optical properties as transparent inorganic materials like glass but with significant advantages in other properties such as low density, good impact resistance, flexibility, and rapid processing of complex shaped parts, and so forth. On the other hand, mechanical properties of polymeric materials such as Young's modulus (< 3 GPa) and tensile strength (< 70 MPa) [13] are typically relatively low as a consequence of weak intermolecular interactions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 7,9 ] However, strength and impact resistance of laminated glass is still rather low especially when compared with those of some metals or high performance composites. [ 8,10‐12 ]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transparent semi‐crystalline polymeric materials and their nanocomposites: A review

Lin

Bilotti

Bastiaansen

et al. 2020

Polymer Engineering & Sci

137

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Optical transparency is an important property for a material, especially in certain fields like packaging, glazing, and displays. Existing commercial transparent polymeric materials are mostly amorphous. Semicrystalline polymers have often-superior chemical resistance and mechanical properties particularly at elevated temperatures or after solid-state drawing but they appear opaque or white in most cases. This review describes the present state-of-the-art of methodologies of fabricating optically transparent materials from semicrystalline polymers. A distinction is made between isotropic, biaxially stretched, and uniaxially stretched semicrystalline polymers. Furthermore, some functionalities of transparent nanocomposites based on semicrystalline polymers are also discussed. This review aims to provide guidelines regarding the principles of manufacturing transparent high-performance semicrystalline polymers and their nanocomposites for potential applications in fields like packaging, building, and construction, aerospace, automotive, and opto-electronics.

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Polymeric interlayer materials for laminated glass: A review

Cited by 113 publications

References 71 publications

The performance of laminated glass subjected to constant heat fluxes related to building fires

The performance of laminated glass subjected to constant heat fluxes related to building fires

Experimental investigations and numerical simulations of innovative lightweight glass–plastic-composite panels made of thin glass and PMMA

Transparent semi‐crystalline polymeric materials and their nanocomposites: A review

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