Polymeric membranes for guided bone regeneration

Abstract

In this review, different barrier membranes for guided bone regeneration (GBR) are described as a useful surgical technique to enhance bone regeneration in damaged alveolar sites before performing implants and fitting other dental appliances. The GBR procedure encourages bone regeneration through cellular exclusion and avoids the invasion of epithelial and connective tissues that grow at the defective site instead of bone tissue. The barrier membrane should satisfy various properties, such as biocompatibility, non-immunogenicity, non-toxicity, and a degradation rate that is long enough to permit mechanical support during bone formation. Other characteristics such as tissue integration, nutrient transfer, space maintenance and manageability are also of interest. In this review, various non-resorbable and resorbable commercially available membranes are described, based on expanded polytetrafluoroethylene, poly(lactic acid), poly(glycolic acid) and their copolymers. The polyester-based membranes are biodegradable, permit a single-stage procedure, and have higher manageability than non-resorbable membranes; however, they have shown poor biocompatibility. In contrast, membranes based on natural materials, such as collagen, are biocompatible but are characterized by poor mechanical properties and stability due to their early degradation. Moreover, new approaches are described, such as the use of multi-layered, graft-copolymer-based and composite membranes containing osteoconductive ceramic fillers as alternatives to conventional membranes.

Drug loaded homogeneous electrospun PCL/gelatin hybrid nanofiber structures for anti-infective tissue regeneration membranes

“…The principle of GTR/GBR membranes is used not only to perform the barrier function by preventing the ingrowth of fibroblast cells into the tissue/bone defect site but also to improve the tissue/bone regeneration by supporting cells to attach and proliferate [2].Conventionally, GTR/GBR membranes require flexibility to adapt to and optimally cover a tissue defect, biocompatibility, and proper degradation profile to eliminate the need for membrane removal surgery [3].…”

Functionalised nanoscale coatings using layer-by-layer assembly for imparting antibacterial properties to polylactide-co-glycolide surfaces

“…Also in the field of periodontal surgery, as in the transplantation of a mucous membrane [12], resorbability of the scaffold material is important to avoid inflammatory effects and surgical removal. Therefore, the use of films or membranes represents a promising approach in periodontal treatment to promote tissue regeneration by avoiding migration of epithelial cells into the periodontal pocket and incorporating antibiotics to inhibit the related bacteria growth [13]. Different barrier membranes with a graded functionalised structure are proposed in literature in order to obtain tuned mechanical and degradation characteristics [14,15].…”

Mineralization and bone regeneration using a bioactive elastin-like recombinamer membrane

“…However, the success of periosteal grafts has been restricted by limitations associated with the lack of biocompatibility, absence of bioactivity, poor mechanical properties, or early degradation [20].…”