Polymeric salt as bromine complexing agent in a Zn-Br2 model battery

Mastragostino, Marina; Valcher, S.

doi:10.1016/0013-4686(83)85034-8

Cited by 62 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…In that system, polymeric salts 19 and quaternary ammonium compounds 20 were utilized to complex the bromine and dramatically decrease the bromine vapor pressure.…”

Section: Hmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Performance Hydrogen/Bromine Redox Flow Battery for Grid-Scale Energy Storage

Cho

Ridgway

Weber

et al. 2012

J. Electrochem. Soc.

187

183

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The electrochemical behavior of a promising hydrogen/bromine redox flow battery is investigated for grid-scale energy-storage application with some of the best redox-flow-battery performance results to date, including a peak power of 1.4 W/cm 2 and a 91% voltaic efficiency at 0.4 W/cm 2 constant-power operation. The kinetics of bromine on various materials is discussed, with both rotating-disk-electrode and cell studies demonstrating that a carbon porous electrode for the bromine reaction can conduct platinumcomparable performance as long as sufficient surface area is realized. The effect of flow-cell designs and operating temperature is examined, and ohmic and mass-transfer losses are decreased by utilizing a flow-through electrode design and increasing cell temperature. Charge/discharge and discharge-rate tests also reveal that this system has highly reversible behavior and good rate capability. The environmental concerns and limited resources of fossil fuels have stimulated research for renewable energy sources such as wind and solar energy. Globally, there is 94 GW of electricity-generating wind power as of 2007, and it is estimated to reach 474 GW by 2020. 1The electricity from solar photovoltaics is growing at 40% per year worldwide, and the United States has targeted 100 GW of solar power by 2020.1 However, the electricity from these and other renewable resources is not constant and reliable due to their sensitive response to local weather conditions. To level out the variable generation of energy, large-scale electrical-energy storage (EES) is required. For the energy storage and load leveling, redox-flow batteries (RFB) have been considered as promising candidates due to their independently controllable power and energy, rapid response time, and high energy efficiency. Extensive research has been performed on RFB systems, including iron-chromium, all-vanadium, sodium-polysulfide, etc. 2-5However, due to the challenging issues such as low cell performance, power density, durability, and high electrolyte cost, their wide-spread adoption has not been realized. For example, the all-vanadium system, which is considered one of the closest to commercialization, utilizes a relatively expensive reactant and achieves power densities that are on the order of 0.2 to 0.7 W/cm 2 with relatively low efficiency. A hydrogen/bromine system is proposed as the reactants are earth-abundant and inexpensive and, as will be shown, high performance with high efficiency is obtainable.Yeo and Chin first investigated the hydrogen/bromine flow battery and reported excellent electric-to-electric efficiency, introducing it as a promising RFB system for energy-storage applications.6 The operating principle of the H 2 /Br 2 RFB can be described with a typical cell structure as in Figure 1. During discharge, a solution of Br 2 in HBr (aq) is fed into the cathode compartment where bromine reacts with protons supplied from the anode side and is reduced to bromide, generating the theoretical electric potential of 1.098 V at 25• C. The redu...

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“…In that system, polymeric salts 19 and quaternary ammonium compounds 20 were utilized to complex the bromine and dramatically decrease the bromine vapor pressure.…”

Section: Hmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Performance Hydrogen/Bromine Redox Flow Battery for Grid-Scale Energy Storage

Cho

Ridgway

Weber

et al. 2012

J. Electrochem. Soc.

187

183

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“…The inert, large surface area electrically conductive support offered to electrocatalysts by RVC led to them being considered as a suitable carbon material in several studies [102], particularly in the case of the soluble lead RFB, but also for the zinc-bromine and vanadium systems. Previously, the suitability of RVC electrodes in the zinc-bromine RFB was investigated so as to increase the operational current density [107]. RVC grades 60 and 100 ppi produced low pressure drops and acceptable electrical connections to the plates, but cellulose screens were needed between these materials and the zinc deposit to prevent short-circuiting.…”

Section: Redox Flow Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The continued development of reticulated vitreous carbon as a versatile electrode material: Structure, properties and applications

Walsh

Arenas

León

et al. 2016

Electrochimica Acta

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The limitations of 2-dimensional electrodes can be overcome by using threedimensional materials having sufficient porosity and active area while offering moderate mass transport rates and a relatively low pressure drop at controlled electrolyte flow rate. In concept, a wide variety of metal, ceramic and composite materials are possible but restrictions are imposed by the need to avoid materials degradation, while maintaining adequate electrical conductivity, sufficient robustness and the possibility of facile scale-up. Despite its fragility, one of the traditional electrode materials used as a porous, 3-dimensional electrode is carbon foam, particularly in the 97% vol. porous form of reticulated vitreous carbon, RVC. A timeline indicates that the history of this material dates back over 50 years to the mid1960s, when it was primarily used as an uncoated material in small-scale, laboratory electroanalysis. Surface modification and diverse coatings have considerably extended the use of RVC. Recent applications are found in sensors and monitors, electrosynthesis, environmental processing and energy conversion. This review highlights the fundamental structure and summarises the physicochemical properties of RVC. Fluid flow through various porosity grades of the material, their active electrochemical area and rates of mass transport are quantified. The diverse applications of RVC in energy conversion, environmental treatment and electrosynthesis are illustrated by selected examples from the authors' laboratories and others over the last 30 years. Recent research on coated RVC, energy conversion environmental remediation and sensors is highlighted. Critical areas deserving further research and development are proposed.

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“…This can be achieved if the electrode is sufficiently thin for the voltage to be taken as constant and the distribution of the reaction current uniform over the electrode surface. The limitations of conversion rate and maximum allowable potential drop in a porous electrode, to prevent side reactions are well documented in the literature [1][2][3]5,10,12,13]. Under mass transport limitations, the overall performance of a cell can be written in terms of the average mass transport coefficient, k m :…”

Section: Electrochemical Cell Design For Rvc Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mastragostino and Valcher [5] used 60 and 100 ppi RVC electrodes as supports for a polymeric salt as bromine complexing agent in a Zn-Br 2 battery. The large surface area of RVC helped to overcome difficulties related to low current density while its porosity also helped to retain the solid complex of bromide that was generated during the charging stage.…”

Section: Batteries and Fuel Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reticulated vitreous carbon as an electrode material

Friedrich

Ponce-de-León

Reade³

et al. 2004

Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry

324

185

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An illustrated review of reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) as an electrode material is presented. Early uses of RVC were largely restricted to small-scale (< 1 cm 3 ) electroanalytical studies in research laboratories. RVC properties of a high ratio of surface area to volume and minimal reactivity over a wide range of process conditions, combined with low cost and easy handling, have resulted in a steady diversification of its applications both in research laboratories and in industry. The physical structure of RVC (in terms of pores per linear inch, strut length, strut thickness and area of the trigonal strut) is examined for 10, 30, 60 and 100 ppi (pores per linear inch) grades using scanning electron microscopy. The accurate measurement of these geometrical values presents both theoretical (in terms of definition of trigonal strut area, beginning and end of single strand) and practical problems (large differences in strut length and thickness in individual samples). Data are presented to show the relationships between geometrical properties. Applications include electroanalytical studies and sensors, metal ion removal, synthesis of organics and FentonÕs reagent, H 2 O 2 production and batteries/fuel cells.

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Polymeric salt as bromine complexing agent in a Zn-Br2 model battery

Cited by 62 publications

References 5 publications

High Performance Hydrogen/Bromine Redox Flow Battery for Grid-Scale Energy Storage

High Performance Hydrogen/Bromine Redox Flow Battery for Grid-Scale Energy Storage

The continued development of reticulated vitreous carbon as a versatile electrode material: Structure, properties and applications

Reticulated vitreous carbon as an electrode material

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