permeation through the cell membrane is difficult. [10,11] Various viral-mediated transfection and nonviral transfection methods have been developed for the efficient delivery of exogenous genes into cells. [12,13] The former method generally has high transfection efficiency, while the latter method has low immunogenicity and is relatively safe. [14,15] Many cationic synthesized carriers, including polyethylenimine, dendrimers, peptides, and lipids, have been designed and used to increase the transfection efficiency of nonviral transfection. [16][17][18][19][20] In addition to gene transfection vectors and methods, the cellular microenvironment can also affect gene transfection. [21][22][23][24] Cells in tissues and organs are surrounded by neighboring cells and extracellular matrices (ECMs). [25][26][27] Cells interact with their microenvironment and neighboring cells. [28,29] Cells show different morphology depending on cell-ECM and cell-cell interactions in different tissues and organs. [30] To determine the relevance of cell morphology to cell functions, researchers have precisely controlled the cell geometry, aspect ratio, spreading area, adhesion area, and chirality of single cells by micropatterned surfaces. [31][32][33][34][35][36][37] Through the versatile micropatterning technique, cell morphology has been demonstrated to be important in controlling cell adhesion, proliferation, and stem cell differentiation. [38][39][40][41][42] The influence of cell morphology on gene transfection has also been recently reported. Large cells with a high aspect ratio and more adhesion areas are preferable for gene transfection. [43] Compared to single cells, individual cells in cell populations have a more complex microenvironment. [44] Both cell morphology and cell-cell interactions in the cell population should be considered to determine the influence of the microenvironment on cell functions. [45] Cell morphology and cell-cell interactions are dependent on cell density. [33] Therefore, cell density in the cell population can affect not only individual cell morphology but also cellcell interactions. [46] High cell density mass in pellet culture has been reported to promote chondrogenic differentiation of stem cells. [47,48] High cell density (112.5 × 10 3 cells cm −2 ) has been reported to promote chondrogenic and adipogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. [44] Cell density can also affect cell viability and gene transfection. Optimization of cell density is recommended to maximize transfection efficiency.