Polymerization by Phase Transfer Catalysis. 16.aSynthesis of Polyestercarbonates and Polyesterthiocarbonates
Abstract: Polyestercarbonates and polyesterthiocarbonates were synthesized from the diphenol-esters 4-hydroxyphenyl-4-hydroxybenzoate and 3-hydroxyphenyl-4-hydroxybenzoate and phosgene and thiophosgene respectively, under phase transfer catalysis conditions. The behaviour of the catalysts was evaluated by the yields and the inherent viscosities. Only the polyesterthiocarbonate derived from 3-hydroxyphenyl-4-hydroxybenzoate was soluble in the reaction media, being benzyltriethylammonium chloride (TE-BAC) an effective cat… Show more
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This review describes methods of synthesis and some more interesting properties of the various new sulfur‐containing polymers, with particular regard for their potential application possibilities. Also, some new or improved methods of synthesizing already known polymers are discussed. Polysulfides, including poly(monosulfide)s and poly(disulfide)s are the subject of many detailed studies. In the last decade, extensive efforts have been devoted to the synthesis of cyclic oligomers (macrocyclic aromatic sulfides and disulfides) as precursors for the preparation of high molecular weight poly(thioarylene)s by ring‐opening polymerization. The coordination chemistry of macrocyclic polysulfides has also received considerable attention. The thiacrown ether polymer ligands can be used as ion‐exchange resins, metal ion adsorbents, and polymeric phase‐transfer catalysts. Molecular systems in which tetrathiafulvalene is incorporated into macrocycles with supplementary donor atoms are potential electroactive cation sensors. Perfluoro‐ and polyfluorothiophenes have been studied as precursors to novel electrically conductive polymers. Polysulfoxides are used as functional polymers. Polymers with sulfoxide group in the main chain can be used as novel polymeric oxidizing reagents, compatibilizers, and polymer solvents, and those with chiral sulfonyl groups as stationary phases of chiral hplc column or as polymeric reagents. Polysulfonium salts can be used as ion‐exchange resins, polymer supports in peptide synthesis, polymeric reagents, or conducting and photochemical polymeric materials. There have been reports of examples of polymers with sulfonium salt moieties applied as a catalyst to organic reactions and precursors of such polymers as PPS, perfluorinated PPS, PPV, and PPSA. Poly(thiophenium salt)s were found to act as a new type of polymeric alkylation reagents. Polymers substituted by sulfo groups have a wide range of applications. Water‐soluble polymers are used as emulsifiers, flocculants, thickeners, tanning agents, conductive polymers, etc. Sulfonated polyelectrolyte block copolymers are effective stabilizers in emulsion polymerization. Insoluble polymers are used as ion‐exchange resins and they find application as membrane materials. A great demand for chemically stable ion‐exchange membranes for electromembrane processes (such as electrodialysis, polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis, and polymer electrolyte fuel cells) has, in the past years, stimulated investigations dealing with the developing of the sulfonation process of thermally and chemically stable engineering plastics. Sulfopolymers are employed in biomedical systems. Much effort has been expended to improve blood‐contacting biomaterials, eg, segmented polyurethanes, and develop various polysulfates and polysulfonates as antithrombotic or antiviral agents. Polysulfates also have potential biomedical applications, eg, as antithrombotic agents. Polysulfates in general, and sulfated polysaccharides in particular, are active against a wide variety of enveloped viruses. A major commercial sulfated polysaccharide is carrageenan, used in ice cream and other food products. Polythioesters, polythiocarbonates, as well as polythiourethanes are interesting thermoplastics. Thus, biphenyl‐based polythioesters are high thermal stability polymers. Polythiocarbonates showing a high refractive index are potentially interesting for optical applications. Polymers bearing five‐membered cyclic dithiocarbonate groups in the side chain are potentially the most versatile reactive polymers. Thiopolyurethanes bearing the thiol groups may be used as reactive polymers to produce optical materials. Segmented thiopolyurethanes based on simple thiodiols as chain extenders with poly(tetramethylene oxide) soft segment are high elasticity thermoplastic elastomers. Polymers containing diphenylmethane units with active methylene groups are new, potentially peroxide‐curable, HDI‐based thiopolyurethanes, whereas polymers containing benzophenone units may find use as interesting modifiers of photosensitive polyurethanes. Studies on polysulfoximines, the new potentially high performance engineering plastics, have recently been undertaken.
This review describes methods of synthesis and some more interesting properties of the various new sulfur‐containing polymers, with particular regard for their potential application possibilities. Also, some new or improved methods of synthesizing already known polymers are discussed. Polysulfides, including poly(monosulfide)s and poly(disulfide)s are the subject of many detailed studies. In the last decade, extensive efforts have been devoted to the synthesis of cyclic oligomers (macrocyclic aromatic sulfides and disulfides) as precursors for the preparation of high molecular weight poly(thioarylene)s by ring‐opening polymerization. The coordination chemistry of macrocyclic polysulfides has also received considerable attention. The thiacrown ether polymer ligands can be used as ion‐exchange resins, metal ion adsorbents, and polymeric phase‐transfer catalysts. Molecular systems in which tetrathiafulvalene is incorporated into macrocycles with supplementary donor atoms are potential electroactive cation sensors. Perfluoro‐ and polyfluorothiophenes have been studied as precursors to novel electrically conductive polymers. Polysulfoxides are used as functional polymers. Polymers with sulfoxide group in the main chain can be used as novel polymeric oxidizing reagents, compatibilizers, and polymer solvents, and those with chiral sulfonyl groups as stationary phases of chiral hplc column or as polymeric reagents. Polysulfonium salts can be used as ion‐exchange resins, polymer supports in peptide synthesis, polymeric reagents, or conducting and photochemical polymeric materials. There have been reports of examples of polymers with sulfonium salt moieties applied as a catalyst to organic reactions and precursors of such polymers as PPS, perfluorinated PPS, PPV, and PPSA. Poly(thiophenium salt)s were found to act as a new type of polymeric alkylation reagents. Polymers substituted by sulfo groups have a wide range of applications. Water‐soluble polymers are used as emulsifiers, flocculants, thickeners, tanning agents, conductive polymers, etc. Sulfonated polyelectrolyte block copolymers are effective stabilizers in emulsion polymerization. Insoluble polymers are used as ion‐exchange resins and they find application as membrane materials. A great demand for chemically stable ion‐exchange membranes for electromembrane processes (such as electrodialysis, polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis, and polymer electrolyte fuel cells) has, in the past years, stimulated investigations dealing with the developing of the sulfonation process of thermally and chemically stable engineering plastics. Sulfopolymers are employed in biomedical systems. Much effort has been expended to improve blood‐contacting biomaterials, eg, segmented polyurethanes, and develop various polysulfates and polysulfonates as antithrombotic or antiviral agents. Polysulfates also have potential biomedical applications, eg, as antithrombotic agents. Polysulfates in general, and sulfated polysaccharides in particular, are active against a wide variety of enveloped viruses. A major commercial sulfated polysaccharide is carrageenan, used in ice cream and other food products. Polythioesters, polythiocarbonates, as well as polythiourethanes are interesting thermoplastics. Thus, biphenyl‐based polythioesters are high thermal stability polymers. Polythiocarbonates showing a high refractive index are potentially interesting for optical applications. Polymers bearing five‐membered cyclic dithiocarbonate groups in the side chain are potentially the most versatile reactive polymers. Thiopolyurethanes bearing the thiol groups may be used as reactive polymers to produce optical materials. Segmented thiopolyurethanes based on simple thiodiols as chain extenders with poly(tetramethylene oxide) soft segment are high elasticity thermoplastic elastomers. Polymers containing diphenylmethane units with active methylene groups are new, potentially peroxide‐curable, HDI‐based thiopolyurethanes, whereas polymers containing benzophenone units may find use as interesting modifiers of photosensitive polyurethanes. Studies on polysulfoximines, the new potentially high performance engineering plastics, have recently been undertaken.
Vol. 4 SULFUR-CONTAINING POLYMERS 337Nevertheless, the only commercial poly(monosulfide) is Ryton [Philips Petroleum Co., poly(thio-1,4-phenylene) more frequently referred to as poly(p-phenylene sulfide) or poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS)]. Much effort has been devoted to preparing aromatic compounds in view of their significance as reactive intermediates for the synthesis of high performance linear aromatic polymers by ring-opening polymerization (ROP) (5). In an attempt to develop a novel synthetic method for the preparation of high molecular weight poly(thioarylene)s, macrocyclic aromatic sulfides and disulfides have been intensively prepared (6-14). The coordination chemistry of macrocyclic polysulfides has also received considerable attention during the past years. The thiacrown ether polymer ligands can be used as ion-exchange resins, metal ion adsorbents, and polymeric phase-transfer catalysts (15,16). Molecular systems in which tetrathiafulvalene is incorporated into macrocycles with supplementary donor atoms are potential electroactive cation sensors (17). The π -conjugated polymers have been extensively studied because of their attractive electronic properties. SULFUR-CONTAINING POLYMERSVol. 4The novel partially crystalline polymer (3) with number-average molecular weight (M n ) of up to 5700 was prepared under various conditions by catalyzed self-condensation of 3-hydroxypropyl methoxycarbonylethyl sulfide (4) or 3-hydroxypropyl carboxyethyl sulfide (5) (22). The degree of crystallinity, melting temperature (T m ), T g , and temperature of initial decomposition (T d ) were 36-46%, 37-47 • C, −61 to −70 • C, and 164-260 • C, respectively. The monomers (4) and (5) were prepared by an addition of methyl 3-mercaptopropionate and 3-mercaptopropionic acid with allyl alcohol [107-18-6] catalyzed by AIBN [2,2 -azobis(2-methylpropionitrile), azobisisobutyronitrile, azodiisobutyrodinitrile, 2,2 -azobis(2-methylpropanenitrile), α,α -azodiisobutyronitrile, 2,2 -azobis(isobutyronitrile), 2,2 -dicyano-2,2 -azopropane, Porofor-57, 2,2 -dimethyl-2,2azodipropionitrile, 2,2(-azobis(2-methylpropionitrile))] [78-67-1].An addition of conjugate 1,4-benzenedithiol (A) to 1,4-divinylbenzene (1,4diethenylbenzene, p-divinylbenzene) (B) [105-06-6] was investigated in detail in the presence of the AIBN initiator in toluene at 75 • C (23). It was found that the polymerization proceeded without an induction period, to give a white polymer with a high molecular weight [weight-average molecular weight (M w ) = 110,000] in ∼90% yield for 2 h. In addition, it was confirmed by 1 H nmr, ir, and the sulfur contents that the polymer had an alternating structure of A and B units.The synthesis and radical addition behavior of optically active cysteinebased monomers with mercapto and olefin groups have also been studied (24). N-4-vinylbenzoyl-L-cysteine methyl ester polymerized satisfactorily to afford the corresponding polysulfide (with M n in the range of 7000-23,000) in good yields.A novel one-pot synthesis of sulfur-containing polymers incl...
Sulfur-containing polymers, when considering their structure, make up a complex group of macromolecular compounds of varied and often remarkable features that determine their versatile applications.The presence of sulfur atoms in polymer structure, depending on the kind of functional group, can improve some important properties, such as mechanical, electrical, and optical, and then adhesion to metals, resistance to heat, chemicals, radiation, and bacteria, biocompatibility, and so on. These are their more important functional groups: sulfide -S-, polysulfide -S n -, sulfonyl -SO 2 -, sulfinyl -SO-, sulfo -SO 3 H, as well as some organic groups containing sulfur atoms, such as thioester -Sulfur-containing polymers can be used as high performance engineering plastics, chemically stable ion-exchange membranes in electromembrane processes, proton-conducting electrolytes, as well as optical, optoelectronic, and photochemical materials. Some polymers are employed in biomedical applications, for example, sulfopolymers as biomembranes and blood-compatible materials, and polysulfates and polysulfonates as antithrombotic or antiviral agents. The presence of sulfur, particularly in the form of disulfide bridges, plays an important role in biopolymers.The purpose of this review is mainly to present recent advances in the area of sulfur-containing polymers that may not yet have commercial applications. Nevertheless, older but still significant material has been included at the beginning of the discussion of each class. Poly(monosulfide)sPolymers containing a monosulfide linkage in both the main chain and the pendent group are the subject of many detailed studies. A few reviews of the synthesis and properties of all types of polymers have been published (1-4); like the one covering polymer with sulfur in the main chain that appeared in 1992 (3). Polysulfides with controlled and well-defined structures can be easily prepared. Nevertheless, the only commercial poly(monosulfide) is Ryton [Philips Petroleum Co., poly(thio-1,4-phenylene) more frequently referred to as poly(p-phenylene sulfide) or poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS)].
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