Polymerization of methyl methacrylate in the presence of active fillers

Trachenko, V. I.; Zil'berman, Ye.N.; Shatskaya, T.F.; Pomerantseva, E.G.

doi:10.1016/0032-3950(86)90192-9

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Altogether, the thicknesses that can be realized with this type of chemistry are of the same order or even higher as for other "grafting-to" techniques. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] The advantage of this photochemical route to covalently attached polymer films clearly is the simplicity of the silane synthesis and the versatility with regard to the polymers that can be used for attachment. If, however, thicker films are to be prepared, one has to use a different approach where the polymers are formed in situ on the surface by means of monolayers of initiators ("grafting-from" technique).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The covalent attachment of ultrathin films of polymers to a solid substrate is often desirable to enhance the stability of the films against solvents and displacement reagents (e.g., water for hydrophilic surfaces). As a consequence of this need, numerous grafting protocols have been developed. − The most common procedures use polymers that carry functional groups at one or both chain ends or as pendent side groups that are suitable for binding to the surface. All these strategies, however, sometimes require extensive synthetic efforts as the preparation of functionalized polymers is not an easy task.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a consequence of this need, numerous grafting protocols have been developed. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] The most common procedures use polymers that carry functional groups at one or both chain ends or as pendent side groups that are suitable for binding to the surface. All these strategies, however, sometimes require extensive synthetic efforts as the preparation of functionalized polymers is not an easy task.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Photochemical Attachment of Polymer Films to Solid Surfaces via Monolayers of Benzophenone Derivatives

et al. 1999

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We report a simple and yet effective way to photochemically attach thin polymeric layers to solid surfaces. The system is based on a photoreactive benzophenone derivative that is bound to SiO2 surfaces via a silane anchor. This substrate is then covered with a polymer film that is reacted with the benzophenone moieties by illumination with UV light (λ > 340 nm). As a result of the photochemical reaction, a thin layer of the polymer is covalently bound to the surface. Nonattached polymer is removed by extraction. As examples, we have successfully attached thin layers of poly(styrene) and poly(ethyloxazoline). The thickness of the layer is a function of the illumination time and the molecular weight of the polymer. The film thickness increases linearly with the radius of gyration of the polymers used for attachment. Using this system, we were able to photochemically attach up to 16 nm thick films of poly(styrene).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Photochemical Attachment of Polymer Films to Solid Surfaces via Monolayers of Benzophenone Derivatives

et al. 1999

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“…A third possibility which is also used frequently is based on the use of surface-attached monomer groups, or in other word, surfaces carrying a self-assembled monolayer containing polymerizable groups. , For a polymer layer generation through this method, the growth of polymer chains is initiated in solution. During propagation, occasionally a surface-bound monomer unit can be integrated into the growing chains, which directly results in a permanent anchoring of the polymer chains.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Grafting Through”: Mechanistic Aspects of Radical Polymerization Reactions with Surface-Attached Monomers

et al. 2014

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In this paper, we investigate the influence of selected reaction parameters on the formation of surface-attached polymer monolayers. The process is based on the use of self-assembled monolayers containing a polymerizable group and the performance of a bulk free radical polymerization reaction (“grafting through polymerization”). To this, methacryl moieties were immobilized on silica gel surfaces via a silane linker. During the polymerization reaction in a conventional way, free polymer is formed in solution. However, every now and then during chain growth also surface-attached monomers become integrated in the polymer chains, leading instantaneously to covalent linking of the growing polymer molecules to the surfaces. As more and more polymer chains become attached, this leads to the formation of a surface-attached polymer layer on the silica surface. Various sets of polymerization reactions were performed and the influence of a variation of temperature, reaction time and concentration of monomer, initiator, and immobilized monomer onto the layer formation are investigated. We propose a model of the layer formation process and the grafting-through process is compared to grafting-to and grafting-from techniques.

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“…Another straightforward technique for the attachment of polymers to surfaces is to carry out a polymerization reaction in the presence of a substrate with tethered monomers [13][14][15][16][17][18]. In such polymerization reaction, the surface-attached monomers are incorporated into the growing polymer chains in a "grafting-through" manner, where the polymers are eventually bound to the surface after removal of excess physically adsorbed polymers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

RAFT “grafting-through” approach to surface-anchored polymers: Electrodeposition of an electroactive methacrylate monomer

et al. 2011

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Abstract. The synthesis of homopolymer and diblock copolymers on surfaces was demonstrated using electrodeposition of a methacrylate-functionalized carbazole dendron and subsequent reversible additionfragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) "grafting-through" polymerization. First, the anodically electroactive carbazole dendron with methacrylate moiety (G1CzMA) was electrodeposited over a conducting surface (i.e. gold or indium tin oxide (ITO)) using cyclic voltammetry (CV). The electrodeposition process formed a crosslinked layer of carbazole units bearing exposed methacrylate moieties. This film was then used as the surface for RAFT polymerization process of methyl methacrylate (MMA), styrene (S), and tert-butyl acrylate (TBA) in the presence of a free RAFT agent and a free radical initiator, resulting in grafted polymer chains. The molecular weights and the polydispersity indices (PDI) of the sacrificial polymers were determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The stages of surface modification were investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ellipsometry, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) to confirm the surface composition, thickness, and film morphology, respectively. UV-Vis spectroscopy also confirmed the formation of an electro-optically active crosslinked carbazole film with a π-π * absorption band from 450-650 nm. Static water contact angle measurements confirmed the changes in surface energy of the ultrathin films with each modification step. The controlled polymer growth from the conducting polymer-modified surface suggests the viability of combining electrodeposition and grafting-through approach to form functional polymer ultrathin films.

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Polymerization of methyl methacrylate in the presence of active fillers

Cited by 7 publications

References 2 publications

Photochemical Attachment of Polymer Films to Solid Surfaces via Monolayers of Benzophenone Derivatives

Photochemical Attachment of Polymer Films to Solid Surfaces via Monolayers of Benzophenone Derivatives

“Grafting Through”: Mechanistic Aspects of Radical Polymerization Reactions with Surface-Attached Monomers

RAFT “grafting-through” approach to surface-anchored polymers: Electrodeposition of an electroactive methacrylate monomer

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