Polymers for 3D Printing and Customized Additive Manufacturing

Ligon, Samuel Clark; Liska, Robert; Stampfl, Jürgen; Gurr, Matthias; Mülhaupt, Rolf

doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00074

Cited by 2,834 publications

(2,406 citation statements)

References 597 publications

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“…The goal is to produce AM parts that surpass or match the performance properties of parts made from subtractive and formative technologies. However, currently AM techniques especially FDM are inferior in some cases (Ligon, 2017). The mechanical properties of parts produced via FDM have strong dependence on the process parameters such as road width, raster angle, orientation of build, layer thickness and air gaps have significant influence over strength properties of the 3D printed part (Sood, 2011) (Centre, 2016.…”

Section: Fused Deposit Modellingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The inkjet head moves over the layer selectively depositing a coalescing agent which adheres to the powder (Ligon, 2017). An infrared radiation (IR) source is then applied to solidify the regions coated with the agent.…”

Section: Hp Multi -Jet Fusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The coalescing agent consists of water and cosolvent, as well as the trade name carbon black to concentrate the IR source on selected parts of the layer to assist in the solidification process. The carbon black pigment absorbs the IR radiation and converts the energy to thermal energy, which sinters material to fuse together and form the layer of the 3D object (Ligon, 2017). The build platform is lowered and the process is repeated using the excess powder as support material that can later be removed and reused (Ligon, 2017).…”

Section: Hp Multi -Jet Fusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The carbon black pigment absorbs the IR radiation and converts the energy to thermal energy, which sinters material to fuse together and form the layer of the 3D object (Ligon, 2017). The build platform is lowered and the process is repeated using the excess powder as support material that can later be removed and reused (Ligon, 2017). MJF does not require a laser like selective laser sintering (SLS) to bond the powders that are applied to the build platform, eradicating the issues with temperature gradients and shrinkage effects (Ligon, 2017).…”

Section: Hp Multi -Jet Fusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The build platform is lowered and the process is repeated using the excess powder as support material that can later be removed and reused (Ligon, 2017). MJF does not require a laser like selective laser sintering (SLS) to bond the powders that are applied to the build platform, eradicating the issues with temperature gradients and shrinkage effects (Ligon, 2017). Additionally, no further modifications are needed, thus, the purchase and maintenance costs are lower than SLS methods.…”

Section: Hp Multi -Jet Fusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optimisation of orthosis products

Tregenza¹

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Orthotics are a widely used tool by podiatrists to help correct body misalignments targeted at supporting the instabilities in the individual's feet. The current production methods are inefficient in both time and material wastage. This report endeavours to optimise orthotics in terms of both the materials used and the production process to decrease the time and amount of materials used. Two additive manufacturing (AM) methods were proposed: Fused Deposit Modelling (FDM) and HP Multi jet Fusion (MJF). The proposed AM methods were compared against existing subtractive production methods using polypropylene (PP) materials.The material properties were determined from mechanical testing via tensile, compression and flexural (for PP only) tests adhering to the ASTM D638-13, ASTM D698-15 and ASTM D790-02 testing standards receptively. The experimental results for PP, exhibited superb reproducibility in the mechanical properties, the highest values recorded for coefficient of variation (CV) were 12.2%, 8.86% and 3.4% for the tensile, compression and flexural test respectively. Conversely, FDM and MJF samples exhibited significantly larger variabilities in the mechanical properties characterised by the increased max CV values of 36.7% and 32.35% for tensile and 12.87% and 39.25% for compression respectively. MJF samples exhibited the highest strength characteristics with a minimum yield stress of 27.08 MPa. PP had similar strength characteristics to FDM samples, the lowest yield stresses from PP and FDM were 18.36 MPa and 19.75 MPa respectively.The experimental results for PP supported literature that an increased loading rate increased the yield stress, Young's modulus and ultimate tensile stress (UTS) at the expense of decreased elongation due to increased stiffness in the molecular chains. Both FDM and MJF samples exhibited increased \ yield stress with increased loading rate, but due to flaws such as porosities, air gaps and poor temperature controls introduced during the sample production, the mechanical properties were adversely affected resulting in significant variations in the results. The air gaps were caused from poor layer adhesion resultant of poor quality Nylon-12 powder with varied particle sizes, shapes and surface roughness. Whereas FDM samples had limited controls during cooling resulting in residual stresses from shrinkage. Limiting these issues with both FDM and MJF samples will enhance consistency of mechanical properties.The increased variability from experimental results, inhibited the FEA simulations. The material model required the yield stress, Young's modulus and compression modulus to define the material behaviour. However, these three parameters consistently produced the highest CV values, therefore a significant difference between the experimental and FEA simulations was expected. The FEA simulations were required to be within 20% of the experiments for validation.Based on the simulated loading conditions, MJF Nylon-12 exhibited the best performance during the initial contact, stanc...

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Section: Fused Deposit Modellingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hp Multi -Jet Fusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hp Multi -Jet Fusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hp Multi -Jet Fusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hp Multi -Jet Fusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optimisation of orthosis products

Tregenza¹

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Polymers for Additive Manufacturing

Xiao

Tey

et al. 2022

Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology

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Additive manufacturing (AM), or 3D printing, has seen exponential growth in the past two decades, with more new techniques emerging and new materials available. AM was first established as an efficient technology for prototyping about four decades ago. Today, it is widely used in a variety of industries, including healthcare, automotive, aerospace, defense, and so on. Whilst AM is a general term, it consists of multiple drastically different techniques that need different forms of feedstock materials and processing conditions. This article reviews the current prevailing AM technology for polymers with a brief history, and then a focus on technological details, available materials, and the latest development for each method. The challenges and trends of AM toward next‐generation advanced manufacturing are also highlighted.

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Hybrid Inorganic–Organic Polymers

Haas¹,

Schottner²

2021

Encyclopedia of Glass Science, Technology, History, and Culture

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Polymers for 3D Printing and Customized Additive Manufacturing

Cited by 2,834 publications

References 597 publications

Optimisation of orthosis products

Optimisation of orthosis products

Polymers for Additive Manufacturing

Hybrid Inorganic–Organic Polymers

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