Polymers for industrial water systems: Synthesis, characterization, and applications

Amjad, Zahid; Fellows, Christopher M.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822896-8.00015-7

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Silica removal by the addition of Ca and Mg ions has been previously investigated 19,20 . In these studies, the amount of total dissolved solids (TDS) was found to influence silica removal via the addition of Ca and Mg. TDS indicates the total amount of inorganic salts dissolved in water containing Ca and Mg, and these values affect silica‐scale removal.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of cation addition on silica scale on glass surfaces

Hayashi,

Hatano,

Kobayashi

et al. 2024

Int J Ceramic Engine & Sci

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Mineral components in tap water generally contaminate sanitary ware. In this study, various cations (Mg, Ca, and Al) were added to an aqueous solution containing silica to prevent water stains on sanitary ware. The particle size in the aqueous solution was measured and observed to increase for all cations. To create artificial water stains, a solution containing the cations and silica was dropped onto glass and allowed to dry. When these water stains were removed by sliding, the removal rate was higher for the water stains that contained the cations. This trend was attributed to the formation of precipitates owing to the reaction of silica with the added cations in the aqueous solution. The formation of these precipitates possibly increased the particle size and brittleness of water stains owing to their sparse structure. These findings provide insights into silica‐scale removal, which can improve the cleanliness of sanitary ware and reduce the frequency of maintenance.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of cation addition on silica scale on glass surfaces

Hayashi,

Hatano,

Kobayashi

et al. 2024

Int J Ceramic Engine & Sci

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“…In this regard, a variety of chemical [ 4 ] and nonchemical [ 5 ] techniques to mitigate scaling have been adopted. The simple operation and excellent scale resistance of antiscalants make them very popular [ 3 , 4 , 6 , 7 , 8 ]. The most efficient scale inhibitors include organophosphonates (aminotris(methylenephosphonic acid), ATMP; 1-hydoxyethylydene-1,1-bisphosphonic acid, HEDP; etc.)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…and polycarboxylates (polyacrylic acid, PAA; polyepoxysuccinic acid, PESA; polyaspartic acid, PASP; etc.) [ 6 , 7 , 8 ]. However, the questions of (i) the optimal selection of antiscalants for specific cases, (ii) the effective “on-line” control of their concentration in industrial plants, and (iii) the mechanisms of scale inhibition are still being discussed, notwithstanding their long, intensive and successful application in industrial water treatment technologies [ 2 , 4 , 8 , 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluorescent-Tagged Antiscalants—The New Materials for Scale Inhibition Mechanism Studies, Antiscalant Traceability and Antiscaling Efficacy Optimization during CaCO3 and CaSO4·2H2O Scale Formation

Tkachenko

Trukhina²,

Ryabova

et al. 2023

IJMS

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Equipment scaling leads to reduced production efficiency in a wide range of industrial applications worldwide. Various antiscaling agents are currently commonly used to mitigate this problem. However, irrespective of their long and successful application in water treatment technologies, little is known about the mechanisms of scale inhibition, particularly the localization of scale inhibitors on scale deposits. The lack of such knowledge is a limiting factor in the development of applications for antiscalants. Meanwhile, fluorescent fragments integrated into scale inhibitor molecules have provided a successful solution to the problem. The focus of this study is, therefore, on the synthesis and investigation of a novel fluorescent antiscalant: (2-(6-morpholino-1,3-dioxo-1H-benzo[de]isoquinolin-2(3H)yl)ethylazanediyl)bis(methylenephosphonic acid) (ADMP-F) which is an analog of the commercial antiscalant: aminotris(methylenephosphonic acid) (ATMP). ADMP-F has been found to effectively control the precipitation of CaCO3 and CaSO4 in solution and is a promising tracer for organophosphonate scale inhibitors. ADMP-F was compared with two other fluorescent antiscalants—polyacrylate (PAA-F1) and bisphosphonate (HEDP-F)—and was found to be highly effective: PAA-F1 > ADMP-F >> HEDP-F (CaCO3) and PAA-F1 > ADMP-F > HEDP-F (CaSO4·2H2O). The visualization of the antiscalants on the deposits provides unique information on their location and reveals differences in the “antiscalant-deposit” interactions for scale inhibitors of different natures. For these reasons, a number of important refinements to the mechanisms of scale inhibition are proposed.

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“…Water-soluble monomers are widely used in the production of polymeric materials via free-radical homo- and copolymerizations in aqueous medium for different applications such as flocculants, textiles, super-absorbers, coatings, cosmetics, and water treatment. , When polymerizing in aqueous medium, water-soluble monomers exhibit differences in their reactivity when compared to polymerization in organic solvents because of the interactions between the growing radicals, monomers, polymers, and transition-state compounds with water molecules through hydrogen bonding which affect the activation energy and the barrier to the internal rotation of the transition state. , During the past few decades, an extensive study on the effect of these variables on the propagation kinetics of the most common water-soluble monomers has been conducted. These monomers include acrylic acid, − methacrylic acid, − acrylamide, , N-vinylpyrrolidone, N-vinyl formamide, , and N -isopropylacrylamide, among others .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acidic Aqueous-Phase Copolymerization of AA and HPEG Macromonomer: Influence of Monomer Concentration on Reactivity Ratios

Palma-Lemus,

Hamzehlou,

Froidevaux

et al. 2023

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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Poly(acrylic acid-co-polyethylene glycol 2-methyl-2-propenyl ether) copolymers are comb-like water-soluble copolymers produced by the copolymerization of acrylic acid (AA) and polyethylene glycol 2-methyl-2-propenyl ether (HPEG). The main application of these copolymers is as superplasticizers for cementitious materials, also known as polycarboxylate ethers (PCE’s). The kinetics of the water-soluble monomers is substantially more complex than that of non-water-soluble monomers as their kinetics depend on various parameters such as monomer concentration, pH, and ionic strength. In this work, aqueous in situ 1H NMR copolymerizations of AA and HPEG at different initial overall monomer weight fractions and comonomer molar ratios under acidic media were carried out. The gathered kinetic data were used for the estimation of the reactivity ratios of AA-HPEG. A nonlinear least-squares (NLLSQ) method based on the Mayo–Lewis composition equation was used to estimate the reactivity ratios by fitting the cumulative copolymer composition or free monomer molar fraction as a function of overall monomer conversion. The estimation indicates that the reactivity ratio of acrylic acid is higher than that of the HPEG monomer, which is estimated as close to zero. In addition, the reactivity ratio of AA depends on the overall monomer weight fraction; the higher the initial overall monomer concentration, the higher the reactivity ratio is. An empirical expression is derived that describes the dependency of the reactivity ratio of AA on the overall monomer mass fraction (r AA = 1.76 (±0.062) + 0.0275 (±4.37 × 10–3) w M (%); r HPEG = 2.3 × 10–14 (±6.02 × 10–3)).

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Polymers for industrial water systems: Synthesis, characterization, and applications

Cited by 6 publications

References 20 publications

Effect of cation addition on silica scale on glass surfaces

Effect of cation addition on silica scale on glass surfaces

Fluorescent-Tagged Antiscalants—The New Materials for Scale Inhibition Mechanism Studies, Antiscalant Traceability and Antiscaling Efficacy Optimization during CaCO3 and CaSO4·2H2O Scale Formation

Acidic Aqueous-Phase Copolymerization of AA and HPEG Macromonomer: Influence of Monomer Concentration on Reactivity Ratios

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