Polymetallic oxygen cluster intercalated expanded graphite for selective oxidation of methacrolein to methacrylic acid

Efficient one-step oxidation of isobutylene to methacrylic acid over Mo–V–Te–Cs by integrating active lattice oxygen and suitable medium acidity

“…For the first step, multi-metal oxide catalysts represented by Mo–Bi are used, with the yield in the range of 60–80%; 1–5 the second step uses a heteropolyacid catalyst, represented by the H 4 PMo 11 VO 40 series catalysts with yield in the range of 20–80%. 6–12 If we can prepare MAA from isobutylene in one step, considerable material and economic losses can be avoided. However, it is difficult to achieve the conversion in one step because of the different kinetics of the two-step reaction.…”