Polyols and rigid polyurethane foams derived from liquefied lignocellulosic and cellulosic biomass

Amran, Umar Adli; Zakaria, Sarani; Chia, Chin Hua; Roslan, Rasidi; Jaafar, Sharifah Nabihah Syed; Salleh, Kushairi Mohd

doi:10.1007/s10570-019-02271-w

Cited by 44 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…The opposite relationship was observed for the highest temperature of 170 °C, which was not favorable for processing parameters because the viscosity of bio-polyols increased significantly and the product was not homogeneous. At higher temperatures during the liquefaction process, the solvent condensation reaction predominates [ 33 ]. AGP and OGP bio-polyols obtained at 150 °C have a hydroxyl number of 643 and 532 mg KOH/g, respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bio-Based Polyurethane Networks Derived from Liquefied Sawdust

Gosz

Tercjak²,

Olszewski

et al. 2021

Materials

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The utilization of forestry waste resources in the production of polyurethane resins is a promising green alternative to the use of unsustainable resources. Liquefaction of wood-based biomass gives polyols with properties depending on the reagents used. In this article, the liquefaction of forestry wastes, including sawdust, in solvents such as glycerol and polyethylene glycol was investigated. The liquefaction process was carried out at temperatures of 120, 150, and 170 °C. The resulting bio-polyols were analyzed for process efficiency, hydroxyl number, water content, viscosity, and structural features using the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The optimum liquefaction temperature was 150 °C and the time of 6 h. Comprehensive analysis of polyol properties shows high biomass conversion and hydroxyl number in the range of 238–815 mg KOH/g. This may indicate that bio-polyols may be used as a potential substitute for petrochemical polyols. During polyurethane synthesis, materials with more than 80 wt% of bio-polyol were obtained. The materials were obtained by a one-step method by hot-pressing for 15 min at 100 °C and a pressure of 5 MPa with an NCO:OH ratio of 1:1 and 1.2:1. Dynamical-mechanical analysis (DMA) showed a high modulus of elasticity in the range of 62–839 MPa which depends on the reaction conditions.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bio-Based Polyurethane Networks Derived from Liquefied Sawdust

Gosz

Tercjak²,

Olszewski

et al. 2021

Materials

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“…These results reveal that the depolymerization of CS and the repolymerization of biomass derivatives took place simultaneously in the liquefaction process, especially at the high liquefaction temperature of 170 °C [ 41 ]. Since the phenolic hydroxyl groups are more reactive than aliphatic hydroxyl groups, cellulose and hemicellulose derivatives are more likely to react with lignin derivatives instead of solvents, while the lignin derivatives probably reacted with PEG400 and underwent self-condensation at high temperatures to form insoluble substances into the LRs [ 42 , 43 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Degradation and Repolymerization Analysis on Solvolysis Liquefaction of Corn Stalk

et al. 2020

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One of the most effective and renewable utilization methods for lignocellulosic feedstocks is the transformation from solid materials to liquid products. In this work, corn stalk (CS) was liquified with polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG400) and glycerol as the liquefaction solvents, and sulfuric acid as the catalyst. The liquefaction conditions were optimized with the liquefaction yield of 95.39% at the reaction conditions of 150 °C and 120 min. The properties of CS and liquefaction residues (LRs) were characterized using ATR–FTIR, TG, elemental analysis and SEM. The chemical components of liquefied product (LP) were also characterized by GC–MS. The results indicated that the depolymerization and repolymerization reaction took place simultaneously in the liquefaction process. The depolymerization of CS mainly occurred at the temperature of <150 °C, and the repolymerization of biomass derivatives dominated at a higher temperature of 170 °C by the lignin derivatives repolymerization with cellulose derivatives, hemicellulose derivatives and PEG400 and self-condensation of lignin derivatives. The solvolysis liquefaction of CS could be classified into the mechanism of electrophilic substitution reaction attacked by the hydrogen cation.

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“…Concurrently, the energy dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis of the samples was carried out to determine the different elements present on the beads surfaces and was expressed in weight percent. The pore sizes for external surfaces and internal surfaces were calculated based on the lognormal distribution as reported by Amran and work fellows 27 . The diameter of 100 large pores from selected three beads was observed from the two‐dimensional (2D) FESEM images.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of dimensionality of nanosized TiO₂ embedded in regenerated cellulose beads as a portable catalyst for reusable decomposition system

Evyan

Salleh

Chong

et al. 2021

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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Free‐standing titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanowires (TNW) with great photocatalysis performances were formed by using a simple hydrothermal method. Pre‐cool rapid dissolution technique was used to dissolve cellulose, and the regenerated cellulose (RC) beads were used as a portable host for absorption and photocatalytic reaction. Comparisons were made between zero‐dimensional TiO2 nanoparticle (TNP) and one‐dimensional TNW, which both were mixed separately with dissolved cellulose and regenerated into spherical beads. As regeneration involved physical interaction, there were no functional group changes observed on RC beads, as confirmed by Fourier‐transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy analysis. TNP and TNW maintained the crystallize phase after the regeneration process, thus confirming that aqueous LiOH/urea solvent had no chemical interaction with them. RC beads shaped, external and internal structures were morphologically examined with a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). Due to the distinct dimensionality between TNW and TNP, interactions of physical crosslinking with dissolved cellulose are also different. This leads to different RC beads morphological structures, externally and internally. Changes in pore volume and percentage of weight gain were most prominent with the embedment of TNW. RC beads with TNP (TPB) had better photocatalytic performances than RC beads with TNW (TWB) in the 1st cycle but have poor recyclability in comparison to TWB after the 5th cycle. We concluded that the embedment of one‐dimensional TNW in RC beads promotes better photocatalytic behavior and performance as a portable catalyst.

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Polyols and rigid polyurethane foams derived from liquefied lignocellulosic and cellulosic biomass

Cited by 44 publications

References 54 publications

Bio-Based Polyurethane Networks Derived from Liquefied Sawdust

Bio-Based Polyurethane Networks Derived from Liquefied Sawdust

The Degradation and Repolymerization Analysis on Solvolysis Liquefaction of Corn Stalk

Effect of dimensionality of nanosized TiO₂ embedded in regenerated cellulose beads as a portable catalyst for reusable decomposition system

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Polyols and rigid polyurethane foams derived from liquefied lignocellulosic and cellulosic biomass

Cited by 44 publications

References 54 publications

Bio-Based Polyurethane Networks Derived from Liquefied Sawdust

Bio-Based Polyurethane Networks Derived from Liquefied Sawdust

The Degradation and Repolymerization Analysis on Solvolysis Liquefaction of Corn Stalk

Effect of dimensionality of nanosized TiO2 embedded in regenerated cellulose beads as a portable catalyst for reusable decomposition system

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Product

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Effect of dimensionality of nanosized TiO₂ embedded in regenerated cellulose beads as a portable catalyst for reusable decomposition system