Polyoxazoline: A review article from polymerization to smart behaviors and biomedical applications

Mahand, Saba Nemati; Aliakbarzadeh, Sanaz; Moghaddam, Armaghan; Moghaddam, Abolfazl Salehi; Kruppke, Benjamin; Nasrollahzadeh, Mahmoud; Khonakdar, Hossein Ali

doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111484

Cited by 48 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 194 publications

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“…In recent decades, the main interest in PAOx is related to the fact that this polymer class was shown to be a prospective alternative to PEG for construction of polymer–drug or polymer–protein conjugates [ 2 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ], while also providing beneficial properties for development of biomaterials and thermoresponsive materials [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conformational Parameters and Hydrodynamic Behavior of Poly(2-Methyl-2-Oxazoline) in a Broad Molar Mass Range

et al. 2023

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In this work, we report our results on the hydrodynamic behavior of poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) (PMeOx). PMeOx is gaining significant attention for use as hydrophilic polymer in pharmaceutical carriers as an alternative for the commonly used poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), for which antibodies are found in a significant fraction of the human population. The main focus of the current study is to determine the hydrodynamic characteristics of PMeOx under physiological conditions, which serves as basis for better understanding of the use of PMeOx in pharmaceutical applications. This goal was achieved by studying PMeOx solutions in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) as a solvent at 37 °C. This study was performed based on two series of PMeOx samples; one series is synthesized by conventional living cationic ring-opening polymerization, which is limited by the maximum chain length that can be achieved, and a second series is obtained by an alternative synthesis strategy based on acetylation of well-defined linear poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) prepared by controlled side-chain hydrolysis of a defined high molar mass of poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline). The combination of these two series of PMeOx allowed the determination of the Kuhn–Mark–Houwink–Sakurada equations in a broad molar mass range. For intrinsic viscosity, sedimentation and diffusion coefficients, the following expressions were obtained: η=0.015M0.77, s0=0.019M0.42 and D0=2600M−0.58, respectively. As a result, it can be concluded that the phosphate-buffered saline buffer at 37 °C represents a thermodynamically good solvent for PMeOx, based on the scaling indices of the equations. The conformational parameters for PMeOx chains were also determined, revealing an equilibrium rigidity or Kuhn segment length, (A) of 1.7 nm and a polymer chain diameter (d) of 0.4 nm. The obtained value for the equilibrium rigidity is very similar to the reported values for other hydrophilic polymers, such as PEG, poly(vinylpyrrolidone) and poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline), making PMeOx a relevant alternative to PEG.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conformational Parameters and Hydrodynamic Behavior of Poly(2-Methyl-2-Oxazoline) in a Broad Molar Mass Range

et al. 2023

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“…are generally used for release behavior, which is strictly connected with the values of these physiological parameters that differ between inflammatory and normal tissue. It is worth mentioning that most of the examples of poly(2-oxazoline)-based DDS have been reported over the few past years and that the number of biomedical application of these compounds are still relatively small in comparison with other types of DDS [ 61 ].…”

Section: The Biological Application Context Of Poly(2-oxazoline)smentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most frequently reported applications of poly(2-oxazoline)s are primarily due to their properties described above, including the controlled delivery of molecules (drugs, proteins DNA, RNA) in living organisms. Among these mentioned biomedical applications, the vast majority relate to the controlled release of drugs [ 61 , 75 , 77 , 78 ].…”

Section: Poly(2-oxazoline)s As Stimuli-responsive Polymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After changing the pH of the environment, bonds that were formed between these functional groups and, for instance, drug molecules can be cleaved, resulting in releasing the previously bound medicine from the polymeric system. When ionizable groups are connected to the polymer structure, this results in a conformational shift for the soluble polymers and a change in the swelling behavior (in the case of hydrogels) [ 61 , 62 , 63 , 80 ].…”

Section: Poly(2-oxazoline)s As Stimuli-responsive Polymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Poly(2-oxazoline)s as Stimuli-Responsive Materials for Biomedical Applications: Recent Developments of Polish Scientists

2022

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Poly(2-oxazoline)s are the synthetic polymers that are the products of the cationic ring-opening polymerization (CROP) of 2-oxazoline monomers. Due to their beneficial properties, from which biocompatibility, stealth behavior, high functionalization possibilities, low dispersity, stability, nonionic character, and solubility in water and organic solvents should be noted, they have found many applications and gained enormous interest from scientists. Additionally, with high versatility attainable through copolymerization or through post-polymerization modifications, this class of polymeric systems has been widely used as a polymeric platform for novel biomedical applications. The chemistry of polymers significant expanded into biomedical applications, in which polymeric networks can be successfully used in pharmaceutical development for tissue engineering, gene therapies, and also drug delivery systems. On the other hand, there is also a need to create ‘smart’ polymer biomaterials, responsive to the specified factor, that will be sensitive to various environmental stimuli. The commonly used stimuli-responsive biomedical materials are based mostly on temperature-, light-, magnetic-, electric-, and pH-responsive systems. Thus, creating selective and responsive materials that allow personalized treatment is in the interest of the scientific world. This review article focuses on recent discoveries by Polish scientists working in the field of stimuli-responsive poly(2-oxazoline)s, and their work is compared and contrasted with results reported by other world-renowned specialists.

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“…Discovered more than 50 years ago, poly(2-oxazoline)s (POZs) are of great interest for the scientific community owing to their unique properties including ease of synthesis, tailorable properties, versatile functionalities, stimuli-responsiveness, and biocompatibility. , POZs are obtained through cationic ring-opening polymerization (CROP) of 2-oxazoline monomers, which are 5-membered cyclic imino-ethers. , CROP is a class of chain growth polymerization. The polymerization is initiated by the addition of an electrophilic initiator to the monomer solution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Structure–Property Relationship of Amphiphilic Poly(2-ethyl-co-2-(alkyl/aryl)-2-oxazoline) Copolymers

et al. 2022

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Poly(2-oxazoline)s (POZs) are widely investigated for their applications in various fields due to their unique properties. To exploit and combine different characteristics of the POZ family, 2-oxazoline monomers can be copolymerized to prepare tailor-made copolymers with the desired glass transition temperature (T g), melting temperature (T m), amphiphilicity, and functionality. Here, we report the synthesis and characterization of 2-oxazoline monomers and a range of POZ copolymers produced, thereof. 2-Propyl-2-oxazoline (PrOZ) and 2-pentyl-2-oxazoline (PeOZ) monomers were synthesized by two different methods starting from nitriles or carboxylic acids. A number of POZ copolymers were synthesized by copolymerization of 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline (EOZ) with either one of PrOZ, PeOZ, or 2-phenyl-2-oxazoline (PhOZ) at three different compositions (25:75, 50:50, and 75:25) and three molecular weights (1000, 2000, and 5000 Da). The successful synthesis of the monomers and copolymers was demonstrated through their structural analysis by 1H NMR and FTIR. SEC results confirmed the targeted molar masses of the copolymers and living nature of the polymerization by showing low dispersity values. Thermal properties of the copolymers were studied using DSC and TGA. DSC studies revealed the amorph and random state of the copolymers with obtained T g values for the copolymers in the range of −3 to 84 °C depending on their molecular weight and type of the side chain. While the presence of longer aliphatic side chains resulted in lower T g values, the presence of 2-phenyl substituents on the polymer led to higher T g values. The decomposition temperatures determined by TGA were in the range of 328 to 383 °C depending on the molecular weight, composition, and side chain of the copolymers. It was observed that higher molecular weights led to higher T g values and decomposition temperatures. While copolymers with aliphatic side chains exhibited a single-step decomposition profile, the decomposition of copolymers having aromatic side chains occurred in multiple steps. The variations in the molecular weight, composition, and side chains of the copolymers resulted in a library of tailorable amphiphilic copolymers suitable for multiple applications ranging from biomedical applications to composite manufacturing.

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Polyoxazoline: A review article from polymerization to smart behaviors and biomedical applications

Cited by 48 publications

References 194 publications

Conformational Parameters and Hydrodynamic Behavior of Poly(2-Methyl-2-Oxazoline) in a Broad Molar Mass Range

Conformational Parameters and Hydrodynamic Behavior of Poly(2-Methyl-2-Oxazoline) in a Broad Molar Mass Range

Poly(2-oxazoline)s as Stimuli-Responsive Materials for Biomedical Applications: Recent Developments of Polish Scientists

Synthesis and Structure–Property Relationship of Amphiphilic Poly(2-ethyl-co-2-(alkyl/aryl)-2-oxazoline) Copolymers

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