Polyoxyalkylenes

Abstract

The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Properties 3. Production 4. Toxicity 5. Handling 6. Uses 7. Economic Aspects

Process Modeling and Optimization of a Submerged Arc Furnace for Phosphorus Production

“…According to Robiette and Allen [23] and Bailey, [24] the energy in an industrial phosphorus furnace is distributed between heating and melting of the material (%40 pct) and chemical reactions (%45 pct), whereas cooling losses (cooling water), electrical losses (Joule heating), and radiative heat losses account for the remaining energy (%15 pct). For the base case scenario, the total energy input was 45.4 MW, and after convergence, the total Fig.…”

Ionic Polymerization

“…Polymers from oxiranes, polyoxyalkylenes, are used in a wide range of mo- lecular weights and applications [22][23][24]. The most important ones are rather low molecular weight polymers, which are used either as nonionic surfactants [197] or as raw materials for polyurethanes [23,24]. Scheme 7.8 is a general reaction scheme for the copolymerization of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide with multifunctional alcohols as initiators.…”

“…The industrial process [23,212,213] of ethoxylation and propoxylation is usually a semi-batch process. The starter alcohol and KOH are mixed and water is removed by distillation.…”

“…The smaller epoxides, ethylene and propylene oxide, though able to polymerize by a cationic and anionic mechanism, are not polymerized cationically, because of the existence of side reactions leading to dioxane or dioxolane [228]. In contrast to these smaller homologs, THF and trioxane can only be polymerized by a cationic mechanism [23,229].…”

“…16], styrenic polymers, and block copolymers of styrene and dienes [17][18][19][20][21] as well as the ring-opening polymerization of cyclic ethers, lactones, or lactams. Here especially, polymers from ethylene oxide and propylene oxide are important as base materials for polyurethanes [22][23][24].…”