Polypeptide with Broad Biological Activity: Isolation from Small Intestine

Said, Sami I.; Mutt, Viktor

doi:10.1126/science.169.3951.1217

Cited by 1,513 publications

(445 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…VIP is a 28-amino acid peptide, which was first isolated from the gastrointestinal tract [49]. Two PACAP isoforms have been described, one with 27 (PACAP-27) and one with 38 (PACAP-38) amino acids.…”

Section: Neuropeptides As Anti-ischemic Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Neuropeptide Systems and their Potential Role in the Treatment of Mammalian Retinal Ischemia: A Developing Story

Cervia¹,

Casini²

2013

Current Neuropharmacology

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The multiplicity of peptidergic receptors and of the transduction pathways they activate offers the possibility of important advances in the development of specific drugs for clinical treatment of central nervous system disorders. Among them, retinal ischemia is a common clinical entity and, due to relatively ineffective treatment, remains a common cause of visual impairment and blindness. Ischemia is a primary cause of neuronal death, and it can be considered as a sort of final common pathway in retinal diseases leading to irreversible morphological damage and vision loss. Neuropeptides and their receptors are widely expressed in mammalian retinas, where they exert multifaceted functions both during development and in the mature animal. In particular, in recent years somatostatin and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide have been reported to be highly protective against retinal cell death caused by ischemia, while data on opioid peptides, angiotensin II, and other peptides have also been published. This review provides a rationale for harnessing the peptidergic receptors as a potential target against retinal neuronal damages which occur during ischemic retinopathies.

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Section: Neuropeptides As Anti-ischemic Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Neuropeptide Systems and their Potential Role in the Treatment of Mammalian Retinal Ischemia: A Developing Story

Cervia¹,

Casini²

2013

Current Neuropharmacology

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“…VIP is a 28 amino acid peptide originally discovered in lung and small intestine by Said and Mutt (Said and Mutt 1970). VIP was subsequently found to be co-released with acetylcholine from parasympathetic nerves and was later identified in the nervous system and endocrine systems acting as a neurotransmitter/neuromodulator (Strand, 1999, Culp andRichardson, 1996).…”

Section: Salivary Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide As a Marker For Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salivary VIP concentrations are elevated in humans after acute stress

et al. 2013

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“…VIP is a 28-aminoacid peptide that was firstly isolated from the gastrointestinal tract for its capacity as a vasodilator [76]. VIP was subsequently identified in the central and peripheral nervous systems, and recognized as a widely distributed neuropeptide, acting as a neurotransmitter in many organs and tissues, including heart, lung, thyroid gland, kidney, immune system, urinary tract and genital organs [77].…”

Section: Vip a Well-known Anti-inflammatory Factormentioning

confidence: 99%

Tuning immune tolerance with vasoactive intestinal peptide: A new therapeutic approach for immune disorders

et al. 2007

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The induction of immune tolerance is essential for the maintenance of immune homeostasis and to limit the occurrence of exacerbated inflammatory and autoimmune conditions. Multiple mechanisms act together to ensure self-tolerance, including central clonal deletion, cytokine deviation and induction of regulatory T cells. Identifying the factors that regulate these processes is crucial for the development of new therapies of autoimmune diseases and transplantation. The vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a well-characterized endogenous anti-inflammatory neuropeptide with therapeutic potential for a variety of immune disorders. Here we examine the latest research findings, which indicate that VIP participates in maintaining immune tolerance in two distinct ways: by regulating the balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors, and by inducing the emergence of regulatory T cells with suppressive activity against autoreactive T-cell effectors. KeywordsInflammation; Autoimmunity; Regulatory T cells; Tolerance; Neuroimmunology; Neuropeptide Immune tolerance versus autoimmunityProtection against infection is fundamental to the survival of all complex organisms. The successful elimination of most pathogens requires crosstalk between the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. The innate immune system recognizes pathogen-associated molecular signatures through pattern-recognition receptors, such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which induce the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and free radicals, the recruitment of inflammatory cells to the site of infection, and the lysis of infected host cells by natural killer cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Although critical for the successful elimination of pathogens, the inflammatory process needs to be limited, since an excessive response can result in severe inflammation and collateral tissue damage. Inflammatory responses also increase the risk of inducing harmful autoimmune responses, where immune cells and the molecules that respond to pathogen-derived antigens also react to self-antigens. *Corresponding Author: Mario Delgado, Instituto de Parasitologia y Biomedicina, CSIC, Avd. Conocimiento, PT Ciencias de la Salud, Granada 18100, Spain. Phone: 34-958-181665. Fax: 34-958-181632. email: mdelgado@ipb.csic.es Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. NIH Public Access Author ManuscriptPeptides. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2008 September 1. Published in final edited form as:Peptides. 2007 September ; 28(9): 1833-1846. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Aut...

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Polypeptide with Broad Biological Activity: Isolation from Small Intestine

Cited by 1,513 publications

References 19 publications

The Neuropeptide Systems and their Potential Role in the Treatment of Mammalian Retinal Ischemia: A Developing Story

The Neuropeptide Systems and their Potential Role in the Treatment of Mammalian Retinal Ischemia: A Developing Story

Salivary VIP concentrations are elevated in humans after acute stress

Tuning immune tolerance with vasoactive intestinal peptide: A new therapeutic approach for immune disorders

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