Polyphenol-Capped Biogenic Synthesis of Noble Metallic Silver Nanoparticles for Antifungal Activity against Candida auris

Abstract

In terms of reduced toxicity, the biologically inspired green synthesis of nanoparticles has emerged as a promising alternative to chemically fabricated nanoparticles. The use of a highly stable, biocompatible, and environmentally friendly aqueous extract of Cynara cardunculus as a reducing and capping agent in this study demonstrated the possibility of green manufacturing of silver nanoparticles (CC-AgNPs). UV–visible spectroscopy validated the development of CC-AgNPs, indicating the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) λmax band at 438 nm. The band gap of CC-AgNPs was found to be 2.26 eV. SEM and TEM analysis examined the surface morphology of CC-AgNPs, and micrographs revealed that the nanoparticles were spherical. The crystallinity, crystallite size, and phase purity of as-prepared nanoparticles were confirmed using XRD analysis, and it was confirmed that the CC-AgNPs were a face-centered cubic (fcc) crystalline-structured material. Furthermore, the role of active functional groups involved in the reduction and surface capping of CC-AgNPs was revealed using the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic technique. CC-AgNPs were mostly spherical and monodispersed, with an average size of 26.89 nm, and were shown to be stable for a longer period without any noticeable change at room temperature. Further, we checked the antifungal mechanism of CC-AgNPs against C. auris MRL6057. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFC) were 50.0 µg/mL and 100.0 µg/mL respectively. The cell count and viability assay confirmed the fungicidal potential of CC-AgNPs. Further, the analysis showed that CC-AgNPs could induce apoptosis and G2/M phase cell cycle arrest in C. auris MRL6057. Our results also suggest that the CC-AgNPs were responsible for the induction of mitochondrial toxicity. TUNEL assay results revealed that higher concentrations of CC-AgNPs could cause DNA fragmentation. Therefore, the present study suggested that CC-AgNPs hold the capacity for antifungal drug development against C. auris infections.

Facile Synthesis of Magnetic Nigella Sativa Seeds: Advances on Nano-Formulation Approaches for Delivering Antioxidants and Their Antifungal Activity against Candida albicans

“…Nanomaterials can be used against multidrug-resistant pathogens to treat infections [ 35 , 36 ]. Furthermore, the MIC values from this study varied from the other findings [ 19 , 20 , 21 ]; the results are consistent with the literature, where several biogenic-based metallic nanoparticles were found to possess anti- Candida action.…”

“…Previous studies suggest that metal-based NPs have an antifungal activity [ 19 , 20 ]. Due to their distinctive physical and chemical properties, drug delivery, antibacterial properties, and bio-detection are critical features of many metallic NPs [ 21 ].…”

Bio‐fabrication and characterization of nano‐silver using Kickxia elatine plant and its anti‐diabetic effect on alloxan‐induced Sprague Dawley rats — An in vivo approach

“…The larger size of nano-silver detected by is typically related to the hydrodynamic diameter, which is contributing to the surface capping agent made of plant extract. 97 EDX technique is used for the analysis of elemental composition and surface-coated components that participates in the reduction of Ag + both qualitatively and quantitatively. 98 KE-induced AgNPs contain a higher percentage of silver metal (61.67%) than other surface-coated materials like carbon (15.82%) and oxygen (15.65%).…”

“…In comparison to the XRD finding, the size of the KE‐AgNPs is larger. The larger size of nano‐silver detected by SEM is typically related to the hydrodynamic diameter, which is contributing to the surface capping agent made of plant extract 97 …”

Confining the Growth of AgNPs onto Epigallocatechin Gallate-Decorated Zein Nanoparticles for Constructing Potent Protein-Based Antibacterial Nanocomposites

“…Naturally occurring macromolecules, such as polyphenols and proteins, are extensively used as building units of nanoarchitecture. − Nature provides almost all the preferences for its creation, including favorable biocompatibility and biodegradability, high abundance, and ease of modification. Due to the presence of similar mussel-like structural units as dopamine, plant-derived polyphenols [such as epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), epigallocatechin, and tannic acid] also exhibit similarly diverse physical and chemical properties, including universal coating and metal ion complexation. ,, Recently, the green synthesis of AgNPs was increasingly reported using natural-derived polyphenols as reducing agents, while the AgNPs tend to grow randomly, agglomerate, and entangle with the polyphenols, which leads to their poor specific surface area and properties; as a result, the antibacterial activities were compromised. − Therefore, one of the main obstacles to engineer AgNPs using green chemistry principles is how to confine the growth, avoid aggregation and oxidation, and achieve robust antibacterial performance at relatively low doses. A facile and straightforward strategy to enhance the activity of AgNPs is in situ growth on biomacromolecules as supporting materials to direct the nucleation and growth of AgNPs .…”