Polyphenols and Oxidative Stress in Atherosclerosis‐Related Ischemic Heart Disease and Stroke

Abstract

Good nutrition could maintain health and life. Polyphenols are common nutrient mainly derived from fruits, vegetables, tea, coffee, cocoa, mushrooms, beverages, and traditional medicinal herbs. They are potential substances against oxidative-related diseases, for example, cardiovascular disease, specifically, atherosclerosis-related ischemic heart disease and stroke, which are health and economic problems recognized worldwide. In this study, we reviewed the risk factors for atherosclerosis, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and cigarette smoking as well as the antioxidative activity of polyphenols, which could prevent the pathology of atherosclerosis, including endothelial dysfunction, low-density lipoprotein oxidation, vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, inflammatory process by monocytes, macrophages or T lymphocytes, and platelet aggregation. The strong radical-scavenging properties of polyphenols would exhibit antioxidative and anti-inflammation effects. Polyphenols reduce ROS production by inhibiting oxidases, reducing the production of superoxide, inhibiting OxLDL formation, suppressing VSMC proliferation and migration, reducing platelet aggregation, and improving mitochondrial oxidative stress. Polyphenol consumption also inhibits the development of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and obesity. Despite the numerous in vivo and in vitro studies, more advanced clinical trials are necessary to confirm the efficacy of polyphenols in the treatment of atherosclerosis-related vascular diseases.

Exercise and consumption of herbal remedies decrease the risk of strokes in hypertension and diabetes mellitus patients undergoing a standard therapy

“…Since the p-value is 0.016 (<0.05), this correlation is considered as statistically significant and proves that drinking herbal remedies regularly can reduce the occurrence of stroke in hypertensive DM patients who undergo standard therapy. This finding is in line with previous studies that have identified the functions of medicinal plants in stroke treatment, including to prevent stroke, repair or strengthen cell tissues and blood vessels in the brain (prevent rupture), recover damaged brain cell tissues and nerve cells after a stroke attack, and re-normalize the dysfunctioned muscles after strokes (Cheng et al, 2017;Nabyl, 2012).…”

“…Antioxidants can stop or break the chain reactions of free radicals found in the body, preventing body cells from damages (Hernani and Rahardjo, 2005). These substances give one electron to free radicals and make them non-radical or neutralized (Cheng et al, 2017;Rohmatussolihat, 2009).…”

Cholinesterase targeting by polyphenols: A therapeutic approach for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease

“…The metabolism of polyphenols could lead to extensive modifications to exert their potential biological activities . Several studies highlighted the byzantine role of polyphenols in the reduction in initiation and progression of various diseases . However, the mechanisms of polyphenols action on imperative cellular events have not been completely elucidated till date.…”

Inhibition of miR-383 suppresses oxidative stress and improves endothelial function by increasing sirtuin 1

“…Diabetes elevates the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), including hypertension and atherosclerosis, due to endothelial dysfunction related to oxidative stress (OS) (1)(2)(3). In the diabetic state, excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the walls of vessels suppresses the bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO), decreasing endothelium-dependent relaxation and leading to severe cell injury and death (4,5).…”