Polyphenols and ω-3 PUFAs: Beneficial Outcomes to Obesity and Its Related Metabolic Diseases

Abstract

Obesity is associated with the leading causes of death in the worldwide. On the other hand, the intake of vegetables, fruits and fish is related to the reduction of obesity and other metabolic syndromes. This review aims to highlight the role of ingestion of polyphenols and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) in reducing obesity and related metabolic diseases (RMDs). The consumption of vegetables, fish and by-products rich in polyphenols and α-linolenic acid (ALA), as well as oils rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are associated with a decrease in obesity and its RMDs in consumers. Furthermore, we discussed the adequate amount of extracts, powder, polyphenols, ω-3 PUFAs administrated in animal models and human subjects, and the relevant outcomes obtained. Thus, we appeal to the research institutions and departments of the Ministries of Health in each country to develop a food education joint project to help schools, businesses and families with the aim of reducing obesity and other metabolic diseases.

Oxidative stability and elemental analysis of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) edible oil produced in Brazil using a domestic extraction machine

“…Therefore, long-term diets of vegetable oils rich in linoleic acid and the lowest hypocholesterolemic index are associated with the prevalence and incidence of several metabolic diseases (diabetes mellitus, coronary and inflammatory diseases, cancer, and obesity) (4,6,53). Moreover, in the human body, linoleic acid is converted into arachidonic acid (n-6 PUFAs), which is the pro-inflammatory precursor of prostaglandin and leukotriene synthesis at the cyclooxygenase (COX-2), lipoxygenase (LOX), and cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, NF-kB, NO, LTs cytochrome P450, protein-coupled receptor 120), which compete with n-3 PUFAs enzymes during the biosynthesis pathway of long-(LC-PUFAs) and very-long-chain fatty acids (VLC-FAs) associated with anti-inflammatory effects (9,14,15). ratio calculated as 0.05, 0.16, and 21.97, respectively.…”

“…This behavior was reported in commercial sunflower oil, although with more thermal stability compared with the current study (66-68). Moreover, cold press and unrefined oil present more oleic than refined one (10), natural antioxidants (69) and minerals, which are healthy and regulators of several metabolic diseases (9,68,70), and economic and ecological benefits from food by-products (71) than refined ones. Moreover, synthetic antioxidants, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), and others (10,72) replace natural antioxidants in industrial edible vegetable oils, which are associated with the prevalence of metabolic diseases (cellular damage, cancers) and environmental contamination (73,74).…”

“…Moreover, their essential components are removed during refining (chemical and physical) and bleaching processes, formatting short-chain compounds [esters, polymeric triacylglycerols, trans and free fatty acids, (hydro) peroxides, dienes and trienes, and others], which act as pro-oxidants (8). These substances reduce vegetable oil shelf life and vital properties, which decrease healthy and nutraceutical properties, and are associated with the occurrence of several metabolic diseases in consumers (9) due to the higher amount of free radicals increasing oxygen species (10).…”

“…], which are linked with pro-inflammatory several metabolites [interleukin-1,−1β,−6,−8,−12 (IL-1,−1β,−6,−8,−12), Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), lipopolysaccharides (LPS, microbial component), hepatic nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), inducible nitric oxide synthase (INOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), lipoxygenase (LOX), cytochrome P450, nitric oxide, G protein-coupled receptor 120, etc.] potentially associated with oxidative stress and metabolic diseases due to high damage of cellular protein, lipids, and DNA (9,14,15).…”

Docosahexaenoic Acid as the Bidirectional Biomarker of Dietary and Metabolic Risk Patterns in Chinese Children: A Comparison with Plasma and Erythrocyte

“…Subsequently, the DHA biomarker was widely used in epidemiologic studies to predict the risk of metabolic diseases [ 21 , 22 ]. The Omega-3 Index (EPA + DHA) was proposed to be considered a new risk factor for death from coronary heart disease (CHD) [ 23 ].…”