Polyphenols, Flavonoids, and Antioxidant Activity Involved in Salt Tolerance in Wheat, Aegilops cylindrica and Their Amphidiploids

Abstract

Aegilops spp. is the closest genus to wheat (Triticum spp.), which makes Aegilops great candidates to exhibit precursors of wheat features. Aegilops cylindrica Host displays excellent salt tolerance. In the current study, biochemical and phytochemical compounds in the leaves of two wheat cultivars, one hyper-salt tolerant Ae. cylindrica genotype and their amphidiploids (derived from “Chinese Spring” × Ae. cilindrica and “Roshan” × Ae. cylindrica), grown under control and saline field conditions, were assessed. These compounds included total protein content, proline content, electrolyte leakage, total flavonoid content, total phenolic content, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and reducing power. In addition, phenolic components were also identified using HPLC analysis. Chlorogenic acid, ellagic acid, ferulic acid, syringic acid, vanillic acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, and gallic acid were the most abundant phenolic acids. Luteolin, apigenin, and rutin were the most abundant flavonoids in the leaves. Salt stress significantly increased all biochemical variables, with the exceptions of reducing power and p-coumaric acid. Interestingly, amphidiploid genotypes exhibited intermediate levels of most of the detected phenolic compounds between the two parental species. As demonstrated by bivariate correlations luteolin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and apigenin could predict inhibition percentage by DPPH assay, suggesting a possible role in the cellular defense against oxidative stress in wheat. The amphidiploids and their wild parent performed significantly better than wheat cultivars on phenolic constituents, flavonoids, and maintaining redox homeostasis under salt stress conditions.

Chemical Composition and In Vitro Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Marrubium vulgare L.

“…These differences can be explained by the differences in genotype, environment, plant organ, and type of solvent used in the study [ 13 ]. In particular, the influences of climatic, edaphic, and genetic factors on the biosynthesis and accumulation of TPC and TFC have been well established [ 9 , 10 ].…”

“…Advantageous to both human and plant health, phenolic compounds including flavonoids should be prominent target in medicinal plant research. In plants, much of polyphenols importance traces to their roles in key functions such as antioxidant activity, free radical scavenging, signaling molecules, plant defense, and mediating auxin transport [ 9 , 10 ].…”

Fruit By-Product Processing and Bioactive Compounds

“…In the plant kingdom, phenolic compounds are the most widely distributed secondary metabolites that contribute to both plant and human health. Polyphenols such as flavonoids play numerous molecular and biochemical roles in plant, such as signaling, plant defense, mediating auxin transport, antioxidant activity, and free radical scavenging [8,9] Fruits are typically consumed in fresh or in a processed form, and the peel of the fruit is discarded as waste of little value. Since these fruits' residues are inexpensive and easily available, it is usually used as fertilizers [10].…”

Assessing the potential of exogenous caffeic acid application in boosting wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop productivity under salt stress

“…These results are parallel with the findings of [ 49 ] who also reported oxidative damage in wheat under saline conditions. However, a remarkable reduction in MDA and H 2 O 2 after exogenous caffeic acid application might be due to lower Na + uptake, increased cell membrane stability and less exposure of wheat plant roots to high salt concentration [ 50 ]. Salinity induced noticeable variation in the K + /Na + ratio of both wheat genotypes reported in the study.…”